- 期刊
廿世紀集體屠殺案例類型
The Categories of Genocide Enumeration in Twentieth Century
摘要
本文例舉廿世紀國際間所發生的暴力屠殺，並以「羅馬公約」（Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court）法條上所保護的團體，亦即滅族屠殺的四個對象作為分 類：國家的（national）、族裔文化的（ethnical）、種族的（racial）、宗教團體的（religious）等屠殺類型為基礎，但由於其中「族裔文化」意指由具有共同文化傳統、語言或遺產為定義的人所組成的個體；「種族的」意指以身體特徵為定義的人所組成的個體。而此兩種類型的要素在國內及國際間經常是重疊呈現的形態，意即一國之內存在著不同身體特徵為定義的「種族」，而同一的「族裔」又分別成立多個具有共同文化傳統、語言或遺產的國家，或散佈於不同種族的國家裡。這種複雜又激烈的「種族」與「族裔文化」的紛爭，使得巴爾幹半島上的內戰與血腥屠殺層出不窮。由於不易區分族裔文化與種族界線的屠殺，本文將此兩種類型合併例舉說明。其次，廿世紀似乎並沒有發生很明確因教義、信仰、教條、儀式不同而引起的宗教屠殺事件，因此不為例舉，但由於廿世紀新發生不少因意識形態、經濟階級不同所造成的屠殺事件，乃將其歸併為一類例舉。
並列摘要
This article exemplified violence genocide that was occurred in twentieth century internationally, also, it classified those four targets of genocide, which had been under the protection of ”Rome Convention” (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court) articles, into four categories: national, ethnical, racial, and religious based on the types of killings.However, among these groups, ”ethnic culture” refers to the common cultural traditions, language or heritage of the people for defining the composition of the individual; ”racial” means the physical characteristics of the people for defining the composition of the individual. The components of these two types are often presented within domestic and international in overlapping shape, which means within a nation exists different physical characteristics that were defined as ”race”, and the same ”ethnic” built up several nations with common cultures/traditions/languages/heritages, or distributed among different ethnic nations. This complex and intense dispute of ”race” and ”ethnic culture”, making the civil war and the bloody massacres happened in the Balkans one after another.Due to the difficulties to differentiate the genocidal boundary between the ethnic culture and race, this article will enumerate both of them in combined forms. Next, it seems no obvious genocidal occurrences happened in the twentieth century due to the differences of doctrines, beliefs, dogmas, rituals, and religious, therefore, it will not be enumerated, however, since there are couple of genocidal events newly happened in the twentieth century triggered by the differences of ideologies, and economic classes, therefore, will be combined under the same category when it be enumerated.