從自撰墓誌銘看唐代文人之生命關懷

「墓誌銘」是以死者為對象，追述死者的生平事蹟為材料，對其功績進行稱頌的一種文章。形式上先用誌文敘述世系名諱，再敘生平事蹟，後則附有銘辭。墓誌銘大抵由墓主的子女、晚輩、親屬請託他人來寫，但也有墓主假設自己已死的生前自撰，這類型稱「自撰墓誌銘」。自撰墓誌銘的源頭，最早可考自西漢杜子夏的臨終作文；自陶淵明撰〈自祭文〉後，有了不同於傳統墓誌銘的意義。唐人自撰墓銘成風，王績、王元宗、嚴挺之、白居易、韓昶、杜牧、裴度、顏魯公等都曾撰寫，這些墓誌多出現於中晚唐，此與當時戰爭頻傳，生命旦夕不保的精神依託有關。唐人自撰墓誌銘雖然題署「自撰」，但往往先寫卻不立即刻立，及至死後，按實際情況再予增補。唐代文人對個人的生命關懷，表現在一、呈現儒家的生命史觀；二、追求圓滿的人生歷程。透過銘文，撰者可以自白、懺悔、自嘲，一吐心中塊壘，是研究當事人生命情懷的寶貴材料。

關鍵字

唐代；文人；自撰墓誌銘；生命關懷

並列摘要

An ＂epitaph＂ is a kind of article that contains stories or anecdotes ofthe dead, and praises its achievement. For epitaphs' content, background ofits ancestry comes the first, then its stories and achievement of it, precedingeulogy. Mostly, the composer of epitaph was its descendent or other peoplecommissioned by its relatives, however some people would composeepitaph on their own before their death, and this kind of epitaph is calledautobiography epitaph. The rise of autobiography epitaph can be tracedback to Western Han Dynasty (西漢). At that time, there was a poet calledDu Zi Xia (杜子夏) who composed epitaph before his death. After TaoYuanming (陶淵明) wrote funeral oration for himselve (自祭文), it gaveepitaphs a new meaning, different from the traditional one. Autobiographyepitaphs were popular among poets of Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Ji(王績),Wang Yuan Zong(王元宗),Yan Ting Zhi(顏挺之),Bai Ju Yi(白居易),Han Chang(韓昶),Du Mu(杜牧),Pei Du(裵度),Yang Lu Gong(顏魯公), etc., all had written one before, and most of the compositions areachieved in the late Tang Dynasty. The rise of this trend can be attributed tothe situation of that era. Wars broke out frequently, and poets felt worriedabout whether they could survive unrest or not so as to write autobiographyepitaph in advance. Though poets wrote autobiography epitaphsbeforehand, they usually just completed the content but not carved it ongravestones right away, and updated additional articles according to actualsituation afterward. Concern about life of poets in Tang Dynasty can beseen in two aspects, one is Confucian's attitude toward life, and the otherone is the process of fulfilling life's goals. Through epitaphs, composerscan show confession, regrets, self-depreciation, and etc., so epitaphs are themost suitable material for research on poets' concern about life.