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明代官員的致仕制度
Retirement System of the Officials in the Ming Dynasty
摘要
明代官員的致仕制度是建立在歷代致仕制度的經驗上，施行期間並根據當時政治的需要而有不同的發展，乞休規定從年齡條件到注意身體狀況，後來並將行政績效納入考核的演化。其中主要顧及王朝的需求及現實狀況。建國之初，如何進用人才及勉留重臣是朝廷的要務，隨著學校、科舉的開辦，朝廷官員來源不缺，如何去蕪存菁反成為朝廷人事的重點，如何新陳代謝、活絡進用管道，以維持官僚隊伍的活力，漸成國家關注的問題，也是致仕制度一再修正的原因。明代官員的致仕制度較前代更為完備，加上皇權高漲，使官員乞休致仕的施行較為確實，宋代官員老死不去的情形，明代則較少。本文試圖對明代致仕制度的內容包括制度本身、官方的規定、實際的運行、皇帝及官員的作為加以探討；並及致仕待遇的不同，包括實質的及精神的，以及文武官員乞休的過程及運作等，略作分析，求正各方，尚祈賜教！
並列摘要
The retirement system of the officials in the Ming dynasty was built on its time-honored experiences during the past. It had different developments in different times according to its operation and the political requirements. The regulations of retiring were from age conditions to attention-physical conditions; later the administrative performance was also brought into the evolution of assessment. Additionally, major demands of the dynasty and the realistic situations among them were mainly under consideration.In the beginning of the foundation of the dynasty, the priority for the Imperial Court was that recruiting talents and keeping the important officials. With establishing the schools and the imperial examinations, the source of officials offered continually. At the same time, the way to keep the talent while remove the bad ones was the point for the personnel of Imperial Court as well as the way to remain the bureaucrats vibrant for the nation. To be adapted to these, the retirement system was also constantly modified.This system of the officials in the Ming dynasty was much more complete than which in the previous time. The soaring imperial power made its operation more exact as well. Besides, the situation in the Song dynasty that old officials were still on duty was less in Ming dynasty.This study is about the content of the retirement system in Ming dynasty, which includes the system itself, the official requirements, the actual operation, the behaviors of the emperor and officials, the different treatments of the system including the substantive and spiritual aspects, and its process and operation for each kind of officials. Expect for Your advice and more information!