- 期刊
荷蘭共和國的自主主義政治與宗教寬容現象（十六至十七世紀）
Particularism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Republic from the Sixteenth to Seventeenth Century
摘要
宗教寬容是啟蒙時代的一個重要議題。然而在啟蒙時代之前，宗教寬容的社會現象已長期存在於荷蘭共和國，令許多共和國的訪客感到驚訝，不管是讚美或是譴責。本文試圖將宗教寬容視為前近代的荷蘭共和國的一種社會現象，從其政治系統（被稱之為自主主義）的觀點來詮釋此現象的成因。自主主義是指各巿鎮有其自主性，以及共和國的每個省分也有在三級會議藉由投票表達其意見的權利，而且每個省分具有批駁其所不同意的政策的否決權。這整個自主主義運作的過程被稱為「back-talk」。每一項政策必須有荷蘭共和國所有七個省分的同意，包括宗教政策。因此，本文將描繪自主主義形成的過程及其對荷蘭共和國宗教寬容的影響。首先，自主主義自中古後期開始成形，在荷蘭共和國建立之後，自主主義愈趨發展為由荷蘭省主導的成熟系統。當涉及宗教議題時，自主主義政治使得改革教會（共和國的官方教會，即喀爾文派）無法做出迫使共和國的人民放棄他們原有的宗教信仰或成為改革教會的成員的決策，同時，由於共和國的統治階級對宗教抱持著務實的態度，他們只關心社會的秩序與和平，故不將宗教的統一視為第一要務，而是默認共和國的宗教多元化。
並列摘要
In Europe religious toleration was an important issue even since the Age of Enlightenment, yet, in Dutch Republic, religious toleration had existed long before Enlightenment. The liberal environment of their society always enchanted visitors to Dutch Republic. The social phenomenon came from the particular political system of Dutch Republic, which was called Particularism.As a political system, Particularism meant every town or city enjoyed autonomy, and every province within the Republic could express its own opinion through the voting system in the State General, and had the right to veto whatever policy they found difficult to accept. This meant any policy, including religious one, was made by operating through so-called ”Back Talk” to get a unanimous vote. Particularism was thus made possible. It had significant effect on the phenomenon of religious toleration of Dutch Republic, during the Sixteenth Century to Seventeenth Century.As far as religious issue was concerned, under the practicing of this Particularism, the Reformed Church (the official church of the Republic, i.e. Calvinists) failed to issue compulsory policies to force people giving up their own church failed to become a member of that Reformed Church. Gradually, it created an atmosphere of not interfering others, unless social security was endangered. Following the trend, the ruling class adopted pragmatically attitudes toward every aspects of society. To have a unified Church was no longer their concern and what really matters was the harmony of their society.