- 期刊
重建羅馬聖彼得大教堂平面佈局之爭議與其時代意義
The Debate Concerning the Layout of the Reconstructed Roman Saint Peter Cathedral (Basilica Sancti Petri, 1506-1626) and Its Historical Significance
摘要
本文以十六至十七世紀羅馬聖彼得大教堂（Basilica Sancti Petri，1506－1626）重建工程為例，探討當代教會政治局勢與建築師人文理念。教宗朱利烏斯二世（Julius II，1503－1513）為了展示教宗權勢，積極推動聖彼得大教堂的重建工程，後續教宗如李奧十世（Leo X，1513－1521）和保羅三世（Paul III，1534－1549）在同樣需求下也致力於聖彼得大教堂的重建工程。另一方面，當代建築師的人文理念也影響聖彼得大教堂的重建工程。十六世紀許多建築師認為完全對稱的集中式建築，能具體表現上帝的完美性質。布拉曼帖（Donato Bramante，1444－1514）與米開朗基羅（Michelangelo，1475－1564）一反教堂建築傳統，以集中式平面而非巴西利卡式平面設計聖彼得大教堂，象徵當代建築師藉由建築表達其人文理念的企圖。但由多張平面圖可知，在長達一世紀的重建過程中，新教堂平面佈局在巴西利卡式與集中式設計之間多次變更。巴西利卡式平面是西方教堂建築的傳統風格，能代表教會悠久歷史，同時便於舉行教會儀式。這些特質皆使教宗傾向巴西利卡式平面，特別在天主教改革之後更是如此。建築師人文理念與教會傳統的衝突多次改變聖彼得大教堂的平面佈局。不過聖彼得大教堂最後平面佈局融合集中式與巴西利卡式設計，展現建築師人文理念與教會傳統結合，使聖彼得大教堂成為不同於傳統巴西利卡式教堂的新形態建築。
並列摘要
Using the reconstruction of Saint Peter's Basilica (Basilica Sancti Petri, 1506-1626) in the 16th and 17th centuries as an example, this article discusses the relationship between the political situation of the Catholic Church and the architects' humanistic ideas. Pope Julius II (1503-1513) utilized the reconstruction of Saint Peter's Basilica to demonstrate the prestige and power of the pope. Succeeding popes, such as Leo X (1513-1521) and Paul III (1534-1549), continued the project for the same reasons. In contrast, the humanistic ideas of contemporary architects affected the reconstruction of Saint Peter's Basilica. Numerous architects in the 16th century considered that an absolutely symmetrical centralized building plan would represent perfection and the holiness of God. Defying the tradition of church architecture, Bramante (1444-1514) and Michelangelo (1475-1564) designed Saint Peter's Basilica according to a centralized plan rather than the Basilican plan. This was a sign of these architects' efforts to realize their humanistic idea through building. Nevertheless, several plans show that the design of the new Basilican plan in fact altered between the centralized plan and the Basilican plan over the course of a century. The Basilican plan is a traditional style of western church building. It not only represents the age-old history of the Catholic Church, but is also suitable for religious ceremonies. Because of these traits, especially after the Catholic Reform, popes were inclined to accept the Basilican plan. Argument over the two different ideas resulted in changes in the plan of Saint Peter's Basilica several times. The final plan of Saint Peter's Basilica is a mixture of the centralized plan and the Basilican plan. It demonstrates a combination of the architects' humanistic ideas and the Catholic tradition. The new Saint Peter's Basilica represented a new style of church building which was different from the traditional Basilican plan.