感官隱喻、感覺結構與集體記憶：以毛澤東時代的政治語言為例

語言、修辭與話語在中國共產主義革命中扮演了關鍵角色。大陸毛澤東時代的革命語言工程發展出了一系列的技巧和策略，其共同的根據是「政治權力的情感根基」。本文研究的案例是一個長期被遺忘的視角：毛時代政治話語中的感官面向。具體而言，本文試圖探討涉及香與臭的修辭策略如何連結情感，在身體感官層面增進群眾之間的紐帶：訴諸感官經驗的宣傳如何內化政治教義？香與臭的修辭隱喻如何增進崇拜與景仰，激化仇恨與憤怒？本文採納雷蒙．威廉斯（Raymond Williams，1921－1988）的關鍵字研究方法，將具體分析如下與氣味相關的政治語彙：「政治嗅覺」、「屁、屎、糞」等穢語、「鬥臭／批臭」、「香風」和「香花／毒草」，並由此分析革命文化中的神經質、粗俗化、無情性、矛盾性等面向，及其在集體記憶中的角色。

關鍵字

嗅覺；感官；政治語言；毛澤東；革命文化

並列摘要

Language, rhetoric and discourse played a pivotal role in the Chinese Communist revolution. A wide range of techniques and strategies of revolutionary linguistic engineering were developed during the Mao era, and a common foundation of such techniques was what may be called "the emotional roots of political power." This essay provides a case study of the largely overlooked sensory dimension of political language and discourse in Maoist China. It demonstrates the ways in which rhetorical references to stench and fragrance engaged with emotions, forging the bond between members of the discourse community of Communist China at the biological/corporeal level. How was sensory perception employed by propaganda to internalise political doctrines? How did the imageries of the fragrant and the foul serve to stimulate admiration and worship, and to instigate agitation and hatred? Adopting the keywords approach initiated by Raymond Williams, this essay studies such smell-related keywords and phrases such as "the political sense of smell," a range of scatological utterances, "to struggle against/condemn somebody until s/he stinks" (douchou 鬥臭/pichou 批臭), "fragrant breeze," and "fragrant blossoms/poisonous weeds." In doing so, I explore the themes of revolutionary neurosis, rudeness, ruthlessness, the polarisation of love and hatred and their roles in the revolutionary structure of feeling and collective memory.