中日近代同形詞「壓榨」、「榨取」：詞源及意義變遷

本文選取「壓榨」、「榨取」兩個中日同形二字動詞為考察對象，通過調查中日兩國的國語詞典，近代報刊雜誌等資料，對其進行詞彙史的考源。試圖把握兩詞在近代中日間出現和傳播的來龍去脈。「壓榨」和「榨取」這兩個詞均產生於近代日本，分別從和語的「おしつけ」、「しぼる」、「搾り取る」中抽出漢字，構成漢字詞。「壓榨」、「榨取」在誕生之初，均僅有表示物理層面動作的擠壓抽取之意。19世紀20年代，日語「搾取」獲得了表示剝削攫取的引申義。19世紀末20世紀初，通過在日報刊及其他日本書籍報刊雜誌的翻譯，「壓榨」、「榨取」流入中國並在漢語中定型。「壓榨」最初多以「壓榨器」、「壓榨機」等複合名詞形式，以文明器物的概念出現。而後「榨取勞動者」、「壓榨剩餘價值」等政治語境中的引申義用法開始大規模出現。

關鍵字

壓榨；榨取；詞源；日語借形詞；和漢相通

並列摘要

This article selects the two-character modern Chinese-Japanese isomorphous verbs yazha 壓榨 and zhaqu 榨取 as the objects of investigation. By investigating the English-Chinese dictionaries, English-Japanese dictionaries, newspapers, and magazines, etc., it examines the origin and the history of the words in question. This article tries to trace the appearance and spread of the two words in modern China and Japan. It is indicated that both yazha and zhaqu were originated from Japan and the Chinese counterparts were formed by extracting the Chinese characters from the Japanese "oshitsukeru" (おしつけ), "shiboru" (しぼる), and "shiboritoru" (搾り取る). At the beginning of their birth, yazha and zhaqu only implied the physical actions of squeezing and extracting. In the 1820s, the Japanese yazha acquired the extended meaning of exploiting and grabbing. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, through the translation of newspapers, magazines, and Japanese books, yazha and zhaqu flowed into China and their meanings became finalized in Chinese. At first, yazha mostly took the form of compound nouns such as squeezer or squeezing machine, appearing as the concept of artifact. Later, extended meanings in political context such as "squeezing the workers" and "squeezing the surplus value" began to emerge on a large scale.