高麗國的圖像與文字敘事－以晚明日用類書「諸夷門」為中心

《山海經》提到朝鮮是箕子所封，《史記》等史書的記載的朝鮮也為一般人熟知。筆者所要討論的並非史書中的朝鮮，而是晚明日用類書「諸夷門」的高麗國。晚明日用類書〈諸夷門〉都有圖有文，編排通常分為兩層，上半部是神獸異物，下半部是臝蟲異國。〈諸夷門〉中置放的第一個國家通常為「高麗國」，例外不多，而差不多同時期刊刻的《新刻臝蟲錄》與《三才圖會》也將「高麗國」置諸夷之首。因為大明帝國朝野都認為，高麗國是在文化、禮樂制度上最接近中國的職貢國，是諸夷中最重要的「夷」。洪武朝賜李成桂「朝鮮」國號，而大明朝野仍以之為「高麗國」，其實是視之為異域臝蟲，含有輕蔑之意，影響所及，清代的「萬寶全書」系列也都沿襲「高麗國」的稱呼。不管是知識分子著書或民間刊刻的作品，不稱正式的「朝鮮」國名而稱「高麗國」，是明顯的夷夏之別。本文一併討論韓國古地圖中「天下圖」的朝鮮與中國，其中強調的是中國與「朝鮮國」在同一個平行空間，是不同於四方蠻夷的正常文明國度，這些地圖出現於17世紀，可以對照當時朝鮮國如何來看自己與中國的關係，似乎更有助於理解晚明日用類書「諸夷門」中對高麗國的形塑。

關鍵字

高麗國；朝鮮國；諸夷門；《臝蟲錄》；日用類書

並列摘要

This paper is going to discuss the Kingdom of Goryeo that had been present in texts and images in the Ming dynasty, especially in the popular daily books appearing in Jianyang in the late Ming dynasty. These books have been attracting a lot of attention in recent years, which include "Zhu Yi Men." The first country placed in "Zhu Yi Men" is usually "the Kingdom of Goryeo," with little exception. The Newly Carved Luo Chong Lu《新刻贏蟲錄》and San Cai Tu Hui《三才圖會》, which were published around the same time, both placed "the Kingdom of Goryeo" as the first country. That is because both the government and the people of the Ming dynasty though the Kingdom of Goryeo was the most important barbarian country of all that paid periodic tribute to China as its culture and policies of classic arts were the closest to those of China. The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty granted the country name of "Joseon" to Li Chenggui, while the government still called it " the Kingdom of Goryeo," which in fact was deemed "a barbarian country or naked beast" in a sense of disparaging. This paper will also discuss Joseon and China in "Cheonhado," the ancient Korean maps. When examined in depth, the maps stress that China and "the Kingdom of Joseon" were in the same parallel space and they both were normal and civilized countries different from those barbarians countries surrounding them. These maps, which were made in the seventeenth century, show how Korea considered its relationship with China and will help us to further understand the shaping of the "the Kingdom of Goryeo" in the daily book of the late Ming dynasty "Zhu Yi Men."