- 期刊
六世紀東亞的佛教王權與帝國想像
Buddhist Kingship and Visions of Empire in the Sixth-century East Asia
摘要
本文以六世紀東亞世界中的北魏、新羅與倭國為核心，從佛教王權的視角，探討北魏、新羅、倭國的統治階層如何認識、建構理想的佛教王國，並藉此強化王權的統治合理性、調整帝國內部的政治秩序與政治認同、增進自國的信心與國際地位。在西元五世紀後期至六世紀前期，佛教王權的概念激發北魏創造出新的帝國想像。在理想佛教國家的建構過程中，佛教不但強化北魏皇帝統治的神聖性與政治權威，也有助於北魏官方統攝、吸納多元的政治勢力，深化帝國內部人群對於帝國的政治認同。在佛教帝國的想像下，北魏成為東亞政治世界中的文明大國，佛教扮演著捍衛理想帝國並守護國土的角色。北魏建構、發展的佛教王權概念深刻影響、啟發了六世紀的新羅，佛教王權成為六世紀新羅國家改革的靈感。新羅國王透過發展佛教王權，深化新羅王室的統治神聖性並增進部族的統治認同。同時，佛教也刺激了新羅的帝國想像，除了建立起效忠帝國的花郎外，新羅王權開始主張自國即是東亞世界的中心：佛國土，佛教將護佑新羅王權並且守護新羅國土。北魏、新羅所建構的佛教王權也刺激了六世紀後半期倭國的政治改革。如同北魏、新羅一般，倭國在六世紀末至七世紀初採用並發展佛教王權，藉此增強王權的統治合理性，吸納、整合國內的多元政治勢力，同時積極地吸收朝鮮渡來勢力。在倭國，佛教帝國的想像賦予了倭國在東亞冊封體制之外，新的國際地位與政治靈感，倭國不是東亞的被冊封國或野蠻之地，而是佛教聖王統治的理想國家。
並列摘要
This article focuses on Northern Wei, Silla, and ancient Japan in East Asia to discuss how the political authorities of Northern Wei, Silla and ancient Japan accept and use the Buddhist kingship as a political idea and blueprint to strengthen king's power, political identities, and prestige of the empire. In the late fifth to the sixth century, the idea of the Buddhist kingship stimulated the authority of Northern Wei to create the new vision of the empire. In the process of building the ideal Buddhist empire, Buddhism not only reinforced the sacred kingship and political authority, but also help the authority of Northern Wei absorb various social forces and increase the royalty of the ruled people of the empire. In the imagination of the ideal Buddhist empire, Northern Wei played as the great and civilized empire and Buddhist gods would protect the empire, especially its lands. The concept of Buddhist kingship of Northern Wei affected and prompted Silla in the sixth century and the idea of Buddhist kingship was taken as a political idea to political reform. The kingship of Silla accepted and supported Buddhism to magnify the king's sacred power and increase the royalties of the ruling aristocracy. Buddhism also inspired the vision of Silla that hwarang (화랑)would pay royalty to the empire and Buddhism would bless and protect Silla, the heartland of Buddhist world in East Asia. The building of Buddhist kingship of Northern Wei and Silla activated the political reform in ancient Japan. Like Northern Wei and Silla, ancient Japan accepted and develop Buddhist kingship to increase the political power and combine different political force, especially people coming from Korean Peninsula. In ancient Japan, Buddhism played as a new political idea and vision of the empire that ancient Japan was not the border, but the center of the ideal Buddhist empire ruled by the sacred king in East Asia.