- 期刊
尊攘思想の伝承とその展開－吉田松陰から久坂玄瑞を経てそして高杉晋作へ－
尊攘思想的傳承及其展開－從吉田松陰經久坂玄瑞再至高杉晉作－｜The Transmission of Ideas and Their Development-From Shouin Yoshida through Genzui Kusaka to Shinsaku Takasugi
摘要
幕末の黒船来航は、アメリカを筆頭とする西洋列強に侵略されるという外患と、徳川幕府がアメリカに拮抗できないという内憂を表している。こうした難局を憂えた長州藩志士吉田松陰は、単に学問の研鑽に没頭するより、むしろ「尊王攘夷」を実践に移した方が、＋志士としての取るべき道だと唱えている。一連の過激な行動を画策した松陰は安政の大獄で刑死したが、彼が処刑の前に書き綴った『留魂録』を紐解けば、自らの成し遂げえない「尊王攘夷」の回天事業を後生に託すという念願がうかがわれる。実際には、松陰の死後、確かに彼の志を継受し、「尊王攘夷」を実践しようと立ち上がったのは松下村塾の弟子たちであった。その中でも、とくに松門双璧と称される久坂玄瑞と高杉晋作はまさに師松陰の遺志を受け継ぎ、「尊王攘夷」を実行し幕末の風雲を一変させた人物である。本稿は久坂玄瑞と高杉晋作の思想を究明するにとどまらず、とくに松陰から玄瑞と晋作への思想伝承とその展開に焦点を絞って論究を進めてみたい。まずは、松陰が最晩年に唱える「草莽崛起」思想を玄瑞は如何にして継承し、さらに自らの「草莽志士糾合義挙」論に展開したかを討究する。次に、晋作が如何にして松陰に教化されたかを紹介し、最後には、玄瑞の遺志を受け継いで遂に決起した高杉晋作が、如何に玄瑞の「草莽志士糾合義挙」論の限界を乗り越えて、奇兵隊を結成したかという思想背景を明らかにしようと試みる。
並列摘要
幕末的黑船來航顯現出了將被以美國為首的西洋列強侵略的外患，以及懦弱的德川幕府無法與美國相抗衡的內憂。憂心此困境的志士吉田松陰提倡，作為志士當為之道應是將「尊王攘夷」付諸實行而不是僅沈溺於鑽研學問上。松陰在策劃一連串激進行動後雖亡於安政大獄，然而若展閱他在被處死之前所寫下的《留魂錄》，吾人便能看到松陰念茲在茲皆是在託付後人完成其未遂的「尊王攘夷」事業。實際上，在松陰死後，確實繼承其遺志奮而挺身實踐「尊王攘夷」的也是松下村塾的弟子。其中的佼佼者便是「松門雙璧」的久坂玄瑞和高杉晉作。這兩位當真是繼承師志，實踐「尊王攘夷」進而影響了幕末歷史的人物。本稿將探究久坂玄瑞及高杉晉作的思想，特別是焦點將放在從松陰至玄瑞及晉作的思想傳承及其展開來進行論述。首先，吾人將研究玄瑞如何繼承松陰在最晚年時期所倡導的「草莾崛起」思想，其後再轉換成「草莾志士糾合義舉」論。接著再介紹松陰如何教化晉作。最後，高杉晉作繼承玄瑞遺志終而決起。在此吾人將闡明晉作是如何超越玄瑞的「草莾志士糾合義舉」論之極限進而組成奇兵隊並探討其思想背景。｜The arrival of the black ships at the end of the Bakufu period caused the external problems of being invaded by the Western powers, led by the United States, and the internal worries of the weak Tokugawa Bakufu, which could not compete with the United States. Shouin Yoshida, who was concerned about this plight, advocated that the way to be a scholar should be to put into practice "honour the Emperor and drive off the barbarians" rather than just to indulge in academic studies. Although Shouin died ins Ansei Prison after planning a series of radical actions, in "Soulful Minute" he wrote before his execution, it shows that Shouin entrusted his descendants with completing his unsuccessful attempt to "honour the Emperor and drive off the barbarians". In fact, after his death, it was Shouka Sonjyuku who succeeded his legacy and stood up for the practice of "honour the Emperor and drive off the barbarians". The best of them were Genzui Kusaka and Shinsaku Takasugi of the "Matsumon Twins". These two men really followed in the footsteps of their teachers and put into practice the "honour the Emperor and drive off the barbarians" and thus influenced the history of the Bakufu. This paper explores the thought of Genzui Kusaka and Shinsaku Takasugi, with a particular focus on the succession of their thought and its development from Shouin to Genzui and Shinsaku. First, we examined how Genzui inherited the idea of "rise with determination from the grass roots" advocated by Shouin in his last years, which was later transformed into the theory of "rise from the grass roots steps up against injustice". This was followed by an introduction to how Shouin taught Shinsaku. Finally, Shinsaku Takasugi inherits Genzui Kusaka's will and finally rises. Here we will explain how Shinsaku transcends the limits of Genzui's theory of "rise from the grass roots steps up against injustice" to form the kihei-tai troop and explore the background of his ideology.