- 期刊
精神障礙者與大眾媒體
People with Mental Disorders and the Mass Media
摘要
一般說來，人們很少有機會與精神障礙者長期面對面接觸，因此民眾對於精神障礙者的印象，大多是來自大眾媒體的報導，然而大眾媒體操作主要關注於「收視率」、「點閱率」，因此這類議題的報導，通常是在精神障礙者出事（例如殺人、傷人或是自殺等），才會特別受到關注，而這樣的報導內容很容易形塑「精神障礙者」是社會日常生活的危險因子形象。此外，這些報導的消息來源，主要是醫療專家、警政單位等，較少是來自精神障礙者的「發聲」，加上「省略」、「刪除」事件重要的背景脈絡，更強化社會大眾對精神障礙者負面的「刻板印象」。個人的尊嚴與形象是如影相隨，媒介象徵著符號權力，傳播媒介是塑造個人形象和尊嚴最有力的論述場域。過去大眾媒體對於精神疾病、或精神病患的相關報導，幾乎沒有精神障礙者對這類事件的看法，無法指出事件的核心問題，精神障礙者作為一個主體，一直缺乏在大眾媒體自行發聲的機會。精神障礙者如何從「被報導者」的沈默、被動角色，進而能透過自身形成團體，以群體組織力量來瞭解大眾媒體，並轉為主動積極參與及發聲的角色，行使其傳播權呢？本文將從刻板印象形成、偏差和污名化，到大眾媒體如何塑造精神障礙者的形象；接著描述英美國家精神障礙者形成組織，爭取發聲權來回應大眾媒體不當的報導；再來討論公共領域概念和公共服務傳播，思考大眾媒體傳播過程的權力；最後期待台灣更多精神障礙者組織起來，從自身主體位置和社會處境，利用大眾媒體回應社會的刻板印象和歧視，和社會進行溝通和對話。
並列摘要
The general public usually do not have the opportunity to interact with people with mental disorders in person for long periods of time. Therefore, the public impression of people with mental disorders mostly originates from the reports of mass media, which typically seek to maximize their rating points and click-through rates. Therefore, reports on people with mental disorders are often focused on tragic events they involved in (e.g., homicide, hurting someone else, or suicide) and thus easily make the public think of people with mental disorders as risk factors to the everyday life in society. In addition, these reports usually have medical experts or the police as their sources and rarely include the voice of people with mental disorders. The tendency of these reports to omit and remove crucial contexts of the events further enhances the public's negative stereotype against these people. An individual's dignity and image are inseparable. The media signify symbolic power and offer a setting that creates the strongest arguments to shape a person's image and dignity. Mass media reports on mental diseases or people with these diseases used to exclude the views of people with mental disorders, which obfuscates the core problem of events. The voice of people with mental disorders, as subjects, has been missing from the mass media. Therefore, the question as to how these people could, by forming a group and understanding mass media as a community, move from a silent, passive position to an active position where they will be able to voice their opinions and exercise their communication rights is worth exploring. The study begins by exploring stereotype formation, bias, stigmatization, how mass media shape the image of people with mental disorders, and how organizations of people with mental disorders were established in Western countries to give voice to these people in response to inappropriate mass media reports. It continues by discussing concepts of the public sphere and the communication of public services and reflecting on the power existing in the process of mass media communications. Finally, the study describes its expectation for more organizations of people with mental disorders to be established in Taiwan, which could help these people respond to the public's stereotype and discrimination against them as the subject and from their social position, thereby starting communication and dialogue with society.