- 期刊
一貫道的「剽竊」本質－以「彌陀淨土」及「正法眼藏」為例
A Study on "Plagiarism" in I-Kuan Tao-Citing the "Pure Land of Buddha Amitabha" and the "Right Dharma-Eye Store" as Examples
摘要
一貫道乃歷經數百年，吸取多種民間宗教之內涵，糅合演變而成的信仰組織。在大陸被取締之後，轉進臺灣七十年，快速發展且推向國際，篤信「無生老母」為萬靈真宰、「理天」為原胎佛子的歸處，以及「龍華三會」末劫年「彌勒古佛」掌天盤……。其道統傳承及教法理論是標榜三教一致、兼收並蓄，並依虛妄想像的「先天之道」一以貫之；近代又擴大其範圍為五教合一，表面看似乎具備「理一而分殊」的哲學創見與宗教體悟，若細析其名相與觀念，卻不外乎「剽竊」的本質。凡是在宗教上有信眾有市場的宗教，一貫道都要竊來充實、妝點自家門面，卻不問他教是否同意，此舉已招來佛教信眾與基督教徒的破斥；雖然部分一貫道人士也有回應，但所作的解釋與引證，徒然又一次自信己意地曲解與強辯，越描越黑，不能圓場。本論文的重點先從一貫道自編的傳承歷史去爬梳每個轉型階段，竊他教之法以為己用、應時局之變以求生存的事實，道教－佛教－新儒學，羅教－彌勒－白蓮教……乃至基督－阿拉，無所不竊，一以貫之。如此以竊為業，雜湊糅合，牽強附會，混淆天下人耳目的傳承，才是它潛在而根本的致命傷；也就是欠缺「自證的體驗」與「自創的教義」，只能依草附木，竊取其他宗教的名相與法義之後，加以扭曲與變造，自以為後來居上而喧賓奪主；這種不誠實、不坦蕩的行徑，雖部分來自初始時期民間宗教崛起的雜糅拼湊性格，立教之後卻又變本加厲，竊取他教教義以後，以下犯上地貶低各教教主與教義而持續不斷，乃至別創明明上帝（無生老母）以君臨天下、統攝五教……。從一貫道的「道統」捏造及「教義」胡扯，可以顯見它為了證明其道貫千聖且統領諸教，不惜將竊取其他宗教的贓物與手法，列成清單、到處販賣，唯恐天下人不知，這可說是明目張膽而且愚昧的行為，故一貫道的本質為一貫盜－吾道一貫以「盜」行之。其次，特就一貫道竊自佛法的兩個內涵－淨土「阿彌陀佛」及禪宗「正法眼藏」－而加以附會改造為「理天」與「玄關一竅」為例，詳考細論以揭發其「竊而無道」的粗劣手法；此行為類似竊車集團，四處竊來各家高檔名車，拆解之後重新拼裝，雖然所有零件分別來自各大名車，也足以炫耀，而整體卻是四不像，機件之間互相矛盾、牽制，只能千驚萬險、勉為其難的混過去，可能無法行駛很久就會解體而發生車禍，或者被拆穿其仿冒與竊盜的實質。彌陀淨土是佛教信仰法門之一，持念彌陀聖號可於命終往生極樂，繼續成佛之道的實修。一貫道前身先天道的發展過程中，彌陀信仰是重要的內涵，自詡為彌勒信仰的一貫道卻將阿彌陀佛變裝為萬靈真宰，掌天盤者；極樂世界則成了原胎佛子未來的出生地－理天。雖然歷經久年之後，現今一貫道的書籍已覓不著彌陀信仰的訊息，但仍有蛛絲馬跡可尋；也就是說，從先天道到一貫道，其仿效的信仰內涵由彌陀信仰變成彌勒信仰，這中間如何的轉變，是本文所要探討之一貫道雜竊、多變的本質！「無生老母」、「三期末劫」、「三曹普渡」、「三寶心法」是現今一貫道之基本教義，這些教義中以「三寶心法」為核心，而三寶又以「玄關一竅」最殊勝。一貫道將其視為亙久不輕傳的密意，甚至認為玄關一竅就是禪宗的「正法眼藏」；本文先論述正法眼藏在佛法之實際意涵（真實心如來藏），對照一貫道如何另作定位與詮釋，進而探討「玄關一竅」是否符合佛教正法眼藏之聖教量，以及以之作為明心見性之樞紐是否為非法妄語？最後，對一貫道以剽竊於五教而拼裝的教理施設與修行次第，是否具備「超生了死」、「收圓返鄉」及「得道成佛」的功德受用，或只是停留於世俗法的表相勸善？若據此以自修並推廣，其能到達的結果又如何？以上列種種依佛教正法研究比對所得的結論，提供一貫道高層及信眾們參考、三思。
並列摘要
Through several hundred years, I-Kuan Tao had absorbed concepts from many folk religions and became a faith-based organization. After it was banned in the mainland China, I-Kuan Tao moved to Taiwan, where it has flourished for 70 years and spread internationally. Its central beliefs are: the ”Eternal Unborn Mother” is the Genuine Ruler of All Beings; the ”Absolute Heaven” is the home of the Buddha's original sons; during the ”three assemblies under the Nāgapuspa tree,” the ”Old Buddha Maitreya” governs the heavenly realms in the final kalpa; … In its tradition and teaching theory, I-Kuan Tao boasts about its syncretism of the three religions, which are linked up to become one unity by an illusory concept, the ”Way of Former Heaven”; in modern times, its syncretism is further extended to include the five religions. Superficially, I-Kuan Tao seems to possess a philosophical innovation with its religious experience, which is of ”a consistent principle with different elements.” Nevertheless, if we carefully examine its terminology and thought, it is nothing more than “plagiarism.” I-Kuan Tao has plagiarized all renowned religions to adorn itself, yet without the permission of those religions. The plagiarism by I-Kuan Tao has invited refutation from Buddhists or Christians. Although some adherents of I-Kuan Tao have tried to explain it away, their lame explanations or sophistries only add to people's confusion. Firstly, according to the transmitted history edited by I-Kuan Tao, the authors point out the facts that, in every transition stage, I-Kuan Tao stole other religious beliefs for its own use to survive in the changing times; it has consistently copied ideas from almost all religions, namely, Daoism, Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, the Luo sect, Maitreya, the White Lotus sect, and so on, including Jesus Christ and Allah. Thus, stealing and piecing other religious beliefs together to confuse people is the tradition of I-Kuan Tao, and this is the latent and root cause that makes its failure inevitable; that is, it lacks ”its own religious experience” and ”creative doctrines.” After plagiarizing other religious terminology and doctrines, as well as making further changes, I-Kuan Tao believes itself to be a latecomer with surpassing achievement. Such dishonest behavior is like that of folk religions, which pieced different beliefs together. Even worse, it continuously belittled the founder and doctrines of every religion after its founding and invented the Ming-Ming-Shang-Ti (the God of Clarity, or the Eternal Unborn Mother) that governs the world, including the five religions, etc. From its fabricated ”tradition” and nonsense ”doctrines,” we can see that I-Kuan Tao uses plagiarism to prove that its Way unifies all saints and religions. How stupid they are to flagrantly propagate those plagiarized beliefs around. Hence, I-Kuan Tao is consistently ”plagiaristic” in nature. Secondly, citing the two examples, the Pure Land of ”Buddha Amitabha” and the ”Right Dharma-Eye Store” of the Chan school in Buddhism, which were changed, by false analogy, into the ”Absolute Heaven” and the ”Aperture of the Mysterious Gate” respectively by I-Kuan Tao, the authors disclose its ”plagiarism without the Way.” I-Kuan Tao is like a car theft group, which steals the luxury cars, takes them apart, and then pieces its car together. With its parts from different luxury cars, this reassembled car is likened to a Pere David's deer (nicknamed ”the four unlikes”), whose different parts are ill-matched. Before too long, the stolen and reassembled car might break down, which can lead to a traffic accident, or its counterfeit nature will be exposed. The faith in Amitabha Pure Land is one of the Buddhist dharma-gates. By reciting the name of Buddha Amitabha, one can be reborn in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss after death to continue one's practice in the Buddhahood-Way. In the developmental process of Xiantian Tao [Way of Former Heaven], the forerunner of I-Kuan Tao, Amitabha faith is its important connotation. However, bragging about its Maitreya faith, I-Kuan Tao changed Buddha Amitabha into the Genuine Ruler of All Beings, who governs the heavenly realms; the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss is the birthplace of the Buddha's original sons-the Absolute Heaven. Although the information about the Amitabha faith cannot be found in the existing books of I-Kuan Tao, some traces of it still remain. That is, from Xiantian Tao to I-Kuan Tao, with its imitation of the Amitabha faith changed to the Maitreya faith, those changes prove that I-Kuan Tao has stolen many other beliefs and is essentially plagiaristic. The ”Eternal Unborn Mother,” ”Three Stages Final Kalpa,” ”To Propagate Tao in the Three Realms,” and ”the mind-cultivation method of Three Treasures” are the fundamental doctrines of the present I-Kuan Tao. Among them, the core one is ”the mind-cultivation method of Three Treasures,” in which the ”Aperture of the Mysterious Gate” is the most exceptional. I-Kuan Tao views the ”Aperture of the Mysterious Gate” as the secret meaning that should not be transmitted without careful consideration and even believes that it is precisely the ”Right Dharma-Eye Store” of the Chan school. The authors first discuss the true meaning of the Right Dharma-Eye Store in Buddhism (the true mind Tathagatagarbha); in comparison to the interpretation by I-Kuan Tao, the authors further study whether the ”Aperture of the Mysterious Gate” accords with the valid cognition by holy teachings of Right Dharma-Eye Store in orthodox Buddhism and whether it is illusory to claim that the ”Aperture of the Mysterious Gate” is the pivot on which one attains enlightenment and sees the Buddha-nature. Lastly, do the doctrines and practice sequence of I-Kuan Tao stolen from the five religions have the merits and virtues of ”transcending births and deaths,” ”achieving perfection and returning home,” or ”attaining the Way and Buddhahood”? Or does I-Kuan Tao only have the superficial appearance of advising people to do good in mundane dharma? If one does self-practice based on its teachings, what achievements could one attain? Concerning the above questions, the conclusions drawn from this study based on orthodox Buddhism are provided for the leaders and believers of I-Kuan Tao to reconsider.