航班取消、延誤及超额訂位致旅客無法登機賠償法规發展之研究－以欧盟、英國、美國及台灣航空運輸市場為例

近年来欧盟、英國及美國等國家，對於如何保障搭機旅客之權益，已然形成更强烈的保護意識，尤其在航班取消、航班延誤及超额訂位致旅客無法登機等議題，以透過立法的方式，規範航空公司對於搭機旅客金额赔償之法规與條款。探究其原因，實爲搭機旅客面臨航空公司航班異常的發生，逐年產生顾客抱怨事件比率有增無減。有鑑於此，欧盟於2005年年初正式颁布實施Regulation-261/2004法规／條款，美國亦更早於2003年颁布法规／條款-14 C.F.R. Part 250，此二相關法规／條款颁布之主要目的皆爲回應航空公司航班異常（航班取消、延誤及超額訂位致旅客無法登機）事件的發生，提高航空公司赔償金额，藉以更深一層地保障旅客搭機權益。本文分析上述兩個法规／條款結果顯示，國際航空運輸協會(IATA)與航空公司對於上述法规／條款，認定具有不公平性，並有可能扭曲旅客搭機權益，其争議黯可歸納爲：航空公司航班異常責任歸屬必須以個案方式評斷，藉以釐清當時飛航營運作業情境、上述金額賠償條款／法規違反1999年蒙特婁公約及可能影響航空公司經營管理等等。同時，本文亦將針對臺灣相關民用航空法規／條款進行檢視，並與歐盟、英國及美國等國家相互比較。最後，建議我國民用航空相關單位未來規劃國籍航空公司賠償金額法規／條款時，應可參酌上述二法規與執行結果，以維護國內搭機旅客之權益。

關鍵字

班機取消；班機延誤；民航賠償法規；航空公司

並列摘要

The emphasis on air passenger rights has been intensified recently in the European Union (EU), United Kingdom (UK) and U.S.A focusing mainly on the legislation of compensation for flight cancel, delay and denied boarding as well as airline failure protections. This is not hard to imagine why this is the case since air passengers have experienced more flight irregularities that increased the rate of complaints. However, after the law (Regulation-261/2004) was introduced in the EU in the early 2005, and the law (14 C.F.R. Part 250) was published in U.S.A in 2003 respectively, both of which were adopted in response to not only the high incidence of flight cancel, delay and denied boarding, but also the imposing of higher compensation levels. After reviewing above-mentioned compensation rules, the results show that the IATA and airlines were concerned about new passengers' rights might be mistreated with the unfair penalties. The disputes and questions included the ambiguous identification of the liability of each delay or cancellation stemming from unclear flight operation scenarios, the potential violation of 1999 Montreal Convention, and the negative impact on air transport business etc. The paper also tried to examine the same compensation rules developed in Taiwan, and made a proper comparison between each. When developing rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding, cancellation and long delays, Taiwan can take experiences on legislation of compensation for flight cancel, delay and denied boarding from EU, UK and U.S.A into account.