從歌樂到器樂：論絃索調沿革與表演形式

「絃索調」是以絃索樂器伴奏的歌樂；或是以絃索樂器演奏的器樂曲種。「絃索調」目前保留下來之曲譜有歌樂和器樂譜二種，其中歌樂曲譜有《太古傳宗琵琶調西廂記》和《絃索調西廂記》曲譜，講述西廂記的故事；器樂曲譜有明誼（榮齋）彙編的《絃索備考》收錄了十三首器樂曲，曲譜均為工尺譜。就絃索調之發展脈絡而言，雖然早期是以歌樂絃索調為主，但是經過長時間的發展，絃索調已經成為器樂合奏曲，而器樂曲在發展其間，又有一些絃索樂器為歌樂伴奏小曲或說唱，所以歌樂絃索調與器樂絃索調是互相影響、交互發展，相輔相成的，使得絃索調音樂趨於複雜而具藝術性。因此這二種絃索調音樂所使用的樂器和表演形式等，都是非常重要而值得研究的課題。本文首先探討歌樂絃索調之沿革，以文獻資料分析歌樂絃索是源於唱大段套曲，以及小曲等說唱音樂，並且是由我國北方流傳至南方，而盛行於南方。其次論述器樂絃索調之沿革，以絃索十三套之音樂探究其歷史性。其三從文獻資料探討絃索調表演形式及其使用樂器，並且論及如何應用於說唱和戲曲中。最後敘述絃索調器樂合奏之表演形式。期望此研究能梳理出民間器樂中絲竹和國樂合奏歷史脈絡的一些現象，提供給相關研究者參考。

關鍵字

絃索調；說唱；戲曲；絲竹；國樂合奏

並列摘要

Xiansuo tunes (弦索調) are vocal music accompanied with stringed instruments or the instrumental music genre performed by string instruments. Currently there are two types of music scores for Xiansuo tunes namely those for vocal music and those for instrumental music. Vocal music scores include 'the Lute Tune for the Romance of the Western Chamber from the Ancient Music＂ (Tai gu chuan zong pipa diao xi xiang ji/ 《太古傳宗琵琶調西廂記》) and ＂the Xiansuo Tune for the Romance of the Western Chamber＂ (Xian suo diao xi xiang ji/《弦索調西廂記》) which depicts the story of ＂The Romance of The Western Chamber.＂ Concerning music scores for instrumental music, there are ＂Thirteen Melodies in the String Music Reference＂ (Xian Suo Bei Kao/《弦索備考》) compiled by Ming Yi (Rong Zhai) which are written in Gongche notation (工尺譜). As for the development of Xiansuo tunes, they have gradually become used in instrumental music ensembles although in the early phase, the use was mostly for vocal music. During the development of instrumental music, some stringed instruments would also be used to accompany ballads or narrative-musical performances. This shows Xiansuo tunes involvement in vocal music and support the idea that instrumental music affects and interacts mutually with vocal music. They are complementary and supportive of each other and gradually contribute towards the complexity and artistry qualities of Xiansuo tunes. Therefore, it is worthy for further research about the instruments used to perform Xiansuo tunes in vocal music and instrumental music and their performing styles. This paper begins by introducing the history of Xiansuo tunes in vocal music. Following is an analysis of literary references proving Xiansuo tunes in vocal music originated from the divertimento, or ballad-singing, of narrative-musical performances and spread from the north to the south and then became popular in the south. After this the history of Xiansuo tunes instrumental music is introduced and its historical value is also explored through the analysis of ＂The Thirteen Melodies of Xiansuo music.＂ Then the performing styles and musical instruments in Xiansuo performances will be presented through literature review and analysis describing how they have been applied in narrative-musical performances and Xiqu. In conclusion, some performing styles of Xiansuo tunes in instrumental music ensemble will also be discussed. The purpose of this research is to clarify the phenomena in the history of Chinese music ensemble of folk instruments and Chinese music instruments while providing references for researchers in related fields.