- 期刊
《高昌館課》中的漢回對音
Transliteration Study of Chinese and Uyghur in ＂GaoChang-Guan-Ker＂
摘要
「高昌館」為明永樂年間由朝廷設置的四夷館之一，這個機構除了培養翻譯人材，也蒐羅了朝廷與西域各國往來的奏章，即《高昌館課》。《高昌館課》不僅有漢文－回鶻文對照，亦涵括了許多漢回對音、漢譯域外專有名詞及漢語借詞。本文旨在分析這批對音字詞，以觀察明代漢語的語音現象。文中前兩段介紹《高昌館課》的成書背景、文獻版本及前人研究成果，第三段簡介本文的研究方法，及回鶻文的語音系統。第四段先指出《高昌館課》中對音的類型分為三種：第一類為西域專有名詞，第二類對漢語詞彙對音，第三類為漢語借詞；再來則就聲母、韻母分析漢回對音，解釋其中值得觀察的語音現象，並修正《明代文獻〈高昌館課〉》一書中的轉寫錯誤。本文透過《高昌館課》中的對音，推論明代中葉（15世紀至16世紀中）的漢語有如下特點：1.微母開口正在消失，而微母合口尚存，2.見系一、二等與三、四等間的對立開始消失，3.聲母可能有捲舌音化，4.唇音合口字尚保留了u介音，5.有顎化現象的前兆，6.-m韻尾正在消變。
並列摘要
＂Gaochang Guan＂ (高昌館) is one of the FourYi Guan (四夷館) set up by the imperial government during the Ming 永樂 period. In addition to cultivating translation talents, this institution also collected the memorials of intercourse between the countries of the Western Regions and the Ming, which was the ＂Gaochang-Guan-Ker＂. ＂Gaochang-Guan-Ker＂ not only has the Chinese-Uyghur comparison, but also includes many phonetic transcriptions, the Proper Nouns and the Chinese loanwords. This paper aims to analyze these pairs of vocabulary to observe the Chinese phonetic phenomenon of Ming Dynasty. The first two paragraphs of the article introduce the background, the versions of the text and the previous research results of the ＂Gaochang-Guan-Ker＂. The third part introduces the research methods of this paper and the phonetics system of Uyghur. The fourth paragraph first points out that there are three types of phonetic transcriptions in ＂Gaochang-Guan-Ker＂: the first is the Proper Nouns in the Western Regions, the second is the phonetic transcriptions of Chinese vocabulary, and the third is the Chinese loanwords; Then, the initials and finals are used to analyze the phonetic transcriptions of Chinese and Uyghur, explain the phonological phenomena that are worth to investigate. Through the phonetic transcriptions in the ＂Gaochang-Guan-Ker＂, this paper infers that the Chinese in the middle of the Ming Dynasty (from the 15th to the 16th century) has the following characteristics: 1. The initial微without the medial ＂u＂ is disappearing while the ones with the medial ＂u＂ are reserved, 2. The disappearance of difference between the等第first, second and third, fourth, 3. The initials may become retroflex, 4. Some of the labial still retains the medial -u-, 5. There is a sign to pharyngealization, and the 6.The finals -m is deteriorating.