- 期刊
中古流攝在閩西客家話及混合方言的音韻演變
Phonological Change of the Liu She in Western Min Hakka and Mixed Dialects
摘要
本論文以31個閩西客家話、100個閩西以外的客家話，以及10個閩西混合方言進行分析研究，得出以下的結果：客家話侯韻有四種讀音類型：類型一是侯韻韻尾為[u]，韻母結構為[-Vu]；類型二是侯韻韻尾為[i]，韻母結構為[-Vi]；類型三是侯韻韻母具有介音[i]；類型四是侯韻韻母為單元音[-V]。閩西客家話是以類型一與類型四為主要讀音，閩西以外的客家話是類型一為主要讀音。客家話尤韻讀音類型有三種類型：類型一（永定鳳城型）是尤韻只讀一種韻母；類型二（四縣型）是來母、精組、見曉組之後韻母相同，知、章組讀為另一種韻母。類型三（長汀型）較特殊，只看尤韻讀音會歸於四縣型。但因為長汀型具有尤韻知、章組讀如侯韻的官話特點，所以還是要另立一類。閩西客家話侯韻的兩種讀音表現都與吳語有關：一是單元音，二是[-Vu]韻母的主要元音為央（ə、ɣ）、低（a、ɑ）元音。閩西客家話侯韻讀[-ai]以及[-iɔ]、[-ie]、[-iə]是方言自身發生的變化，與語言接觸無關。閩西混合方言的侯韻多具[i]介音且讀音一致，但尤韻表現就較複雜了。多數方言點的尤韻具有閩南方言的讀音層[-u]，也有「尤韻來母讀如侯韻、尤韻晝字讀如侯韻」這兩項閩語特點。閩西混合方言侯韻的[-io]與閩西客家話的[-io]不是同一個來源，前者是自閩方言傳入[o]類韻母後，增生[i]介音而產生的，後者是從[-eu]演變而來。牛字在閩西客家話有三類讀音，其中以讀如侯韻的方言點最多，表現同於粵西客家話；閩西混合方言則是以牛字讀aŋ為主要特色，有別於鄰近的閩、客方言。
並列摘要
Thirty-one Western Min Hakka dialects, one hundred non-Western Min Hakka dialects, and ten Western Min mixed dialects were used in the data analysis in this paper yielding the following results: The four types of the Hou rhyme set (侯韻) in Hakka are as follows (V represents vowels the vowels outside the [u] and [i]): The first type ends with [u] with a final structure [-Vu]. The second type ends with [ɩ] with a final structure [-Vi]. The third has a prenuclear glide [i] in the final structure. The fourth type has a final structure [-V] (simple final). The first and fourth types are the main pronunciation in the Western Min Hakka dialects, and the first type is the main pronunciation of non-Western Min Hakka dialects. The three types of the You rhyme set (尤韻) in Hakka are as follows: The first type is that there is a pronunciation in the You rhyme set (尤韻). The second type has finals of semi-lingual, alveolar, velar, guttural that are different from the finals of dental proper and laminal in the You rhyme set (尤韻). The third type is more special and would be classified into the second type if just focusing on the You rhyme set (尤韻). However, the third type has a feature of Mandarin in which the finals of dental proper and laminal in the You rhyme set (尤韻) are the same as the Hou rhyme set (侯韻). For this reason, the third type is distinguished from the second type. Two kinds of pronunciation of the Hou rhyme set (侯韻) in the Western Min Hakka dialects are related to the Wu dialects: One is having simple finals. Another is that the primary vowels of the final structure [-Vu] are central [ə,ɣ] and low [a,ɑ]. The [-ai], [-iɔ], [-ie], and [-iə] of the Hou rhyme set (侯韻) in Western Min Hakka are changes of the dialect itself, having nothing to do with language contact. The Hou rhyme set (侯韻) in Western Min mixed dialects has the prenuclear glide [i] and the same pronunciation generally, but is more complex in the You rhyme set (尤韻). Most of the You rhyme set (尤韻) in Western Min mixed dialects have [-u], which was a layer of the Min dialects, and the two characteristics of the Min dialects: semi-lingual and the Chinese character zhòu (晝) of the You rhyme set (尤韻) and the Hou rhyme set (侯韻) were identical in pronunciation. The [-io] of the Hou rhyme set (侯韻) in the Western Min mixed dialects and Hakka did not come from the same source; the former [-o] coming from the Min dialects, then gaining the [i] prenuclear glide, and the latter coming from [-eu]. The Chinese character niú (牛) had three types of pronunciation in Western Min Hakka. The dialects of Chinese character niú (牛) and the Hou rhyme set (侯韻), which were identical in pronunciation, were the most among them. The type of pronunciation in the Chinese character niú (牛) of Western Min Hakka was like Western Guangdong Hakka. The Chinese character niú (牛) in Western Min mixed dialects is generally pronounced ＂aŋ＂, showing local characteristics of the area, as distinguished from neighboring Min and Hakka dialects.