戰爭創傷與性別政治：探陳千武、江文瑜、李碧華的「慰安婦」書寫

就戰爭史研究而言，長期以來偏重以男性為中心的觀點，婦女則被編派到邊緣的位置；然而在1937年至1945年中日戰爭、太平洋戰爭期間，有一群在「慰安所」工作的女性，她們是戰爭史上不可忽略的身影。這些女性有的傷亡、有的受辱自殺、有的喪失生育能力，慘遭殖民霸權的遺毒，人格尊嚴受到侮辱，成為失語的群體，甚至被貼上恥辱的、骯髒的標籤。文學作為集體記憶傳承的形式之一，慰安婦史實也成為文學的創作題材，就華語文壇而言，以慰安婦為題材的現代文學作品非常稀少，臺灣方面，唯見陳千武的短篇小說〈輸送船〉（1967）、〈獵女犯〉（1976），江文瑜的新詩〈木瓜〉（1998）；香港方面，則出現李碧華的報導文學《煙花三月》（2001）；這三位作家以不同文體書寫，各別關注南洋、臺灣、中國地區的慰安婦，也各有不同的創作背景與意識。本論文以這三位作家之作品為探討對象，論述脈絡先別論次綜論，擬參佐歷史文獻，並援引身體理論、敘事治療觀點，剖析文本中慰安婦的受害場景與私密創傷為何？戰後以何種態度面對生命的困境？又作者如何表達慰安婦的故事版本？如何為這些殖民政權與父權暴力的受害者發聲？以上問題皆為本論文關切的焦點，期待藉此彰顯文學書寫戰爭創傷的意義。

關鍵字

慰安婦；戰爭創傷；性別政治；歷史記憶；敘事治療

並列摘要

For a long time, studies on war history have had a biased focus on male viewpoints, while the perspectives of females have usually been neglected. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the Pacific War, a large group of women worked at the so-called ＂comfort stations＂; they have become a non-negligible part of war history. Falling victim to Japanese colonialism, these women suffered great humiliations to their dignity. Many of them were severely injured, committed suicide, and lost their ability to bear children. Their voices for a long time have been unheard, and they have even been stigmatized as shameful and filthy. As a form of recording collective memories, the history of comfort women has served as a subject for literary creation. Still, in the modern Chinese literary community, there are very few literary works about comfort women. In Taiwan, Chen Qian-wu's short fictions Shu Song Chuan (Transport Ship, 1967) and Lie Nu Fan (Hunting Captive Women, 1976) and Jian Wen-yu's poem Mu Gua (Papaya, 1998) are among the very few works in this regard. In Hong Kong, there is Li Bi-hua's literary journalism work Yan Hua San Yue (The Red Spring, 2001). In different types of writing, these three writers depicted the lives of comfort women in the Nanyang region, Taiwan and China to convey their respective perceptions. By referring to historical reference, this study explores the historical contexts of the discourses of the three writers. It then adopts body theory and narrative therapy to analyze the traumatic experiences of the women depicted in said works: how they dealt with hardship in life after the wars, as well as how the writers told the stories of the comfort women in a way that really gave a voice to these victims of colonialism and patriarchal violence. By focusing on these issues, this study expects to highlight the significance of describing war traumas through literary works.