The Attorney-General of the Government of Israel v. Adolf Eichmann [1961]

本文共分九大部分，除前言和結論外，依次為以色列的根源、阿道夫．艾克曼（Adolf Eichmann）、艾克曼的拘捕、艾克曼的起訴、審訊艾克曼之目的、人權的發展以及判處死刑。1960年5月1日，以色列的中央情報局和特工組織摩薩德（Mossad）特遣行動小組11人，到阿根廷布宜諾斯艾利斯（Buenos Aires）執行萬里生擒德國納粹黨制定屠殺猶太人的徹底解決方案（the Holocaust's Final Solution）的計劃者和執行者阿道夫．艾克曼（Adolf Eichmann）的任務，艾克曼在匈牙利下令驅逐65萬猶太人，他是奧斯威辛（Auschwitz）集中營的主要負責人之一，此一集中營在第二次世界大戰期間屠殺20萬猶太人。艾克曼利用當時的混亂情况，多次變更身份，喬裝打扮，巧妙地躲過紐倫堡國際軍事法庭（Nuremberg International Military Tribunal）的審判，他喬裝成伐木工，在德國呂內堡海德一個偏僻村莊藏匿4年，然後逃往義大利熱那亞。於1950年6月，改名換姓為克萊門特，再潛逃至阿根廷布宜諾斯艾利斯。摩薩德經過調查核實了艾克曼的化名、住址、工作處與行踪等情况後，摩薩德推演3個逮捕艾克曼的方案：1.查明艾克曼確實在家後，破門而入，把他生擒；2.在大街某處實施機動拘捕；3.掌握艾克曼的行踪規律，在他回家必經路上的預定地點，伺機綁架。以色列利用其赴阿根廷獨立150周年慶祝活動的專機，於5月11日19點25分，以色列特工行動小組駕車在艾克曼的住宅附近等候，在他回家的必經之路上，製造假車禍，秘密將艾克曼綁架，於5月20日給他注射强效镇靜劑，製造假病歷，把艾克曼妝扮成車禍受傷的以色列埃勒．奧勒公司雇員，送上601次航班專機，回國就醫，用偷樑換柱之計，矇騙阿根廷政府將艾克曼押回以色列監禁，送交法庭審判。以色列法庭判處艾克曼絞刑，引起法律上的質疑：（1）侵犯阿根廷的領土主權。以色列特工到阿根廷執行萬里綁架艾克曼計劃，侵犯到阿根廷的領土主權，阿根廷乃在聯合國安理會提出控訴，爾後以色列才對此跨越國境的拘捕行動表示歉意；（2）一個受到不正當方式而被逮捕的人，得以正當方式拘禁，並交付審判（malicious captus，bene detentus）。法庭審判個人犯罪的權力，不因個人是以暴力綁架方式而被置於法院事實管轄下而受侵害。（3）以色列法庭行使管轄權問題。因計劃和執行滅絕種族罪者是德國人，犯罪行為發生地亦在德國的佔須區，犯罪行為發生時以色列尚未建國，被害的猶太人均不具以色列國籍，以色列法庭之行使管轄權之根據係刑事上的「保護原則」（Protective Principle）和「普遍管轄權」（Universal Jurisdiction）﹔（4）判刑依法無據。依罪刑法定主義，法無明文規定者，不構成犯罪，亦不得處罰（Nullum crimensine lege，nulla poena sine lege），法律不溯及既往，艾克曼觸犯的滅絕種族罪（Genocide）在紐倫堡國際軍事法庭審判以前，罪名尚未法定，且以色列的《納粹同謀懲處法》（Nazi Collaborators(Punishment) Law）通過在行為發生之後。在以色列法庭上，艾克曼的答辯只有一句話：「我只是執行上級命令。」1961年12月11日，艾克曼被判絞刑。絞死在拉姆勒監獄，因其子女不敢露面前來領取骨灰。1962年6月1日，以色列海軍奉命將艾克曼的骨灰倒灑到公海上。

關鍵字

歐洲猶太人；納粹大屠殺；紐倫堡戰犯審判；阿道夫．艾克曼；滅絕種族罪；違反人道罪；普遍管轄權

並列摘要

The essay is divided into the following parts: Introduction, Israel's Roots, Adolf Eichmann, the Arrest of Adolf Eichmann, the Prosecution of Adolf Eichmann, the Purpose of the Trial, the Death Penalty, Development of Human Rights and Conclusions. In the Holocaust's Final Solution during World War II, the Nazis systematically murdered millions of European Jews. This event of the Nazi holocaust was preceded before Israel established. Worldwide revulsion at this brutality caused an extraordinary intellectual change. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials in 1945 held high-level Nazis accountable for their actions and introduced the idea of ”crimes against humanity.” For the first time, officials were held legally accountable to the international community for offenses against individual citizens.Eichman was kidnapped by Israel Mossad's commando in Buenos Aires, Argentina and removed clandestinely to Tel Aviv, Israel, tried and executed for crimes committed outside Israel at times when neither the Israeli statute, under which he was charged, nor Israel itself yet existed. Against these facts, however, each of which has been alleged to shake the foundation of his trial in Israel, stands the enormity of which has had done, and it is this which forbids the conclusion that there was any real miscarriage of justice. In the eyes of international law, The Eichman Case was involving two main issues: First, whether Israel had the right to capture Eichmann from Argentina in 1960 without Argentine consents. Second, whether Israel was indeed had jurisdiction over Eichmann since the offences were committed in the years 1942-1943 before the State of Israel existed? The Nuremberg Charter, under which the trials were held, really answered the main difficulty and objection to the indictment, namely the argument of nulla poena sine lege, by denying the competency of advancing it. The trial of Eichman has also produced doubts as to whether there was not an unacceptable stretching of the law upon the substance of the matter; and whether the judges would have been more than human if they did not carry a burden of prejudice, which must preclude a fair trail. Prior to World War II, how a government treated its own citizens in its own territory was considered to be a matter of domestic affairs. Human rights have a prominent place in the United Nations Charter adopted in 1945. It was in the United Nations that human rights really emerged as a subject of international relations. On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This comprehensive list of rights declared that the way in which States treat their own citizens is a matter of legitimate international concern and subject to international standards. Since the end of the Cold War, international efforts to promote human rights have been strengthened. The creation of a United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in 1946 brings increased international monitoring. Today, nearly all States in all regions of the world, at all levels of development, proclaim their commitment to human rights.