- 期刊
重构海上丝路上的东南亚汉学新考古
Rethinking the Development of Sinology along the Maritime Silk Road
摘要
英国汉学大师理雅各（James Legge，1815-1897）在1839年被伦敦的传教会（London Missionary Society）派遣到马六甲（Malacca）教会工作，当时他才二十岁。一年后，理雅各出任马六甲的英华书院（Anglo-Chinese College）校长，而这书院在1825年由马礼逊（Robert Morrison，1782-1834）所创立。马礼逊与理雅各两人，都是到了马六甲后，其汉学研究兴趣才开始，后来马礼逊成为英国汉学的最早的开拓大师，而理雅各成为英国牛津大学首任汉学教授。他的四书注释与英文翻译The Chinese Classics的巨大工作，就是在马六甲的英华书院开始进行的。以马六甲为中心的海上丝路应该被肯定为现代汉学研究的一个极重要的起点。这种突破传统思考方式，去思考中国与东南亚文化现象的多元性的汉学传统，是新加坡与马来西亚学者探讨研究中国文化的重要传统。今天我们所称呼的南洋研究、东南亚研究、汉学的发展史的完整性与多元性尚待更多考证与挖掘资料。最近几十年更多资料已逐渐出土。其实随着15世纪初年明朝郑和下西洋，很多南下中国学者已开始研究。譬如马欢写了《瀛涯胜览》（1416）、费信撰写了《星艖胜览》（1436），到了请代如书写马来亚的谢清高口述，杨炳南笔记的《海录》、李钟珏（1853-1927）撰述的《新加坡风土记》、马建中写的《南行记》（1881）等著作，关于南洋地理文化，都算是二十世纪前重要的南洋研究的开拓者。在新马，早在1877年，欧洲人就成立亚洲学会之分会，战前1940年创立的以华文为主的南洋学会，1949年创立的以英文为主的中国学会的学刊。欧洲学者与中国南来的文化人如郁达夫、许云樵、陈育崧、韩槐准、郑子瑜等与土生华人都参与发展海上丝路上的汉学研究。今天我们需要整合东西方学者的南洋研究、东南亚研究、汉学研究等不同名称的学术研究与资料，重写与建构海上丝路上的多元文化汉学。
並列摘要
Many studies published in the past decades have traced the development of Sinology along the Maritime Silk Road as one of the world's oldest centres of Chinese Studies outside China from 15th Century through to the present day. When China's Ming Dynasty's Admiral Zheng He 郑和 (1371-1433) commanded the world's mightiest fleet to Malacca seven times from 1405 and 1433, he brought along a group of scholars who were well-trained to study the culture of Southeast Asia. These Chinese scholars wrote travelogues and miscellaneous reports soon after the trip. For Example, an awareness of overseas Chinese and other peoples in Southeast Asia appeared in Ma Huan's 马欢 (Born 1400) Ying Ya Sheng Lan《瀛涯胜览》which was written in 1451. Rev. Robert Morrison (1782-1834), and Rev. William Milne (1785-1822) established Malacca's Anglo Chinese College in 1818. Morrison planned to establish this school that would allow Western missionaries to learn Oriental cultures and languages. He also hoped that the school would play a role in introducing the East to the West and vice versa. Morrison and William Milne translated the Old Testament together and launched an influential magazine called Chinese Monthly Magazine (察世俗每月统记传). It was the first Chinese language newspaper or magazine in the modern sense of the world, which was run from 1815 to 1822. Morrison's Chinese studies research interest developed in Malacca and Southern China during his missionary assignment. He was not only a Presbyterian preacher, but also a pioneering sinologist and lexicographer, who was considered the "Father of Anglo-Chinese Literature". Another British James Legge (1815-1897) served as a representative of the London Missionary Society in Malacca and Hong Kong (1840-1873). He became the first Professor of Chinese at Oxford University (1876-1897) when he returned to London after his trip in Malacca and Hong Kong. These scholars inspired later imperial China's official travellers, Western colonial officials and local Scholars' works which are variously called Nanyang Studies, Overseas Chinese Studies, Southeast Chinese Studies, or Sinology.