清朝於蒙古的統治策略中,尊崇藏傳佛教之格魯派,為其關鍵的文化政策。然而考量藏傳佛教政教合一之特殊思想,往往成為藏傳佛寺佔取人丁牲口、大肆擴張勢力之依據。滿淸為避免藏傳佛教勢力在蒙古過度擴張,進而干預其政治權力,是以對特定蒙古高僧雖加以尊崇,但亦嚴加控制蒙古藏傳佛寺勢力的發展。與此同時,清朝中央所支持的官方格魯派勢力,與蒙古自身的佛教傳統之間,亦有着微妙的權力競逐。新出《理藩院滿蒙文題本》中關於蒙古僧人坐罪的案例,深刻反映出蒙古宗教勢力死清朝皇權之間的衝突。而當蒙古佛敎傳統挑戰清朝官方的宗教話語時,核心與邊緣之間的衝突便體現在司法審判之中。通過梳理作為遺留性史料的《理藩院滿蒙文題本》,可以補充過去漢文編纂史料之不足,進而考察清朝政府與蒙古佛寺之間的權力關係,重新檢視清朝政治權力與蒙古宗敎勢力之間的微妙互動。與此同時,對於多語種原始檔案的梳理與運用,不僅有助於進行深入的語文學研究,更有助於史學研究者重新檢視清代的法律多元性以及實踐面向,進而跳脫出以漢文官書中有偏見的大一統表述。
Support for the Gelug School was a key element of Qing cultural policy in Mongolia. Some Buddhist monasteries took advantage of the patron- priest relationship to legitimize their subordination of dependent populations, acquisition of livestock and the expansion of their social and economic influence. Even as it patronized specific religious leaders, the Qing dynasty developed methods to regulate Mongolian monks in order to limit monastic aggrandizement. The indigenous traditions of Mongolian Buddhism actively competed with the court-supported Gelug School. The recently published Manchu and Mongolian Routine Memorials of Lifanyuan include legal cases involving Mongolian monks that reflect this tension between Mongolian Buddhism and Qing authority. These cases thus illustrate the interaction between imperial metropole and periphery. This paper uses these cases to discuss the interaction between Qing imperial discourse and Mongolian religious traditions from the perspective of legal pluralism and legal practice.