- 期刊
「儀式」的多重意涵：清末時期福建泉州的危機、普度與地方士紳
The Multiple Meanings of "Rituals": The Crisis, Pudu, and Local Elites in Quanzhou during the Late Qing Period
摘要
光緒二十二年（1896），福建泉州被兩種困境所侵擾，一是當地「時疫」頻發，導致民眾苦不堪言；二則，洽逢甲午中日戰爭之後，臺灣被割讓的民族危機，又致地方士紳痛心疾首。民族危機所對應的「國破」，鼠疫肆虐所對應的「家亡」，使得一場應對危機的儀式──「泉郡承天萬緣普度」應時而生。解厄祛疫的傳統儀式，在清末的泉州社會常有出現，他們多屬於某個宗教組織，或是個別社區自發舉辦的小範圍儀式。然而，此場普度則是一場由士紳發起，並同時包含着宗教組織、官府、民眾和地域社區的全體性參與儀式。在「國破家亡」的雙重困境下，士紳渴望以過往緩解災禍的傳統儀式為名，輔之高層次宗教組織的號召，而達到一個「泉郡五邑」地域聯合的最終結果。主事者通過傳統儀式的「實地展演」，以及儀式文獻所建構的「聯合設想」，試圖將自身的信念與想法傳遞至公眾。儀式之背後，既充溢着這些士紳的愛國情感表達，又隱匿着他們「立足於當地」的個人發展渴望。
並列摘要
After 1895, Quanzhou and its surrounding areas suffered from two major crises. One was the spread of infectious diseases caused by bubonic plague, while the other was a national crisis that resulted from China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War. Local elites in Quanzhou appeared to feel humiliated by the cession of Taiwan to Japan. The incompetence to eradicate the plague along with the country's defeat in the war generated anxiety, which led to the birth of a grand religious ritual- "Chengtian Wanyuan Pudu." In the late Qing dynasty, rituals of small scale were conmon in Quanzhou, and they were often performed by religious organizations, local governments, and local communities. However, in the twenty-second year of the Guangxu reign (1896), the grand ceremony Wanyuan Pudu was organized by local elites. Religious organizations, the government, and the masses all took part in that ritual. Under the dual crisis, the elites sought to achieve the regional union by calling for a high-level religious organization and in the name of traditional ritual. The organizers intended to convey their beliefs and ideas to the public through the "ritual performance" and the "text construction." Behind this ritual were the local elites' patriotic sentiments and their desire for personal development.