杜甫溫柔敦厚與詩聖說

自古以來，前賢論詩一般都認為：杜甫的詩歌具有「溫柔敦厚」的色彩，他的性情也屬溫厚和平。不僅如此，杜甫更擁有詩歌創作中最神聖的稱號－詩聖。這兩種說法在古典詩學中早已各自成為重要的議題。然而在杜詩學裡，目前學界較少探究這兩說間的關係。由於筆者關注杜甫相關的問題，因此嘗試以此為論題。一般而言，古人都尊崇《詩經》「溫柔敦厚」的創作方式，並以「溫柔敦厚」作為教化百姓的術道，甚至將「溫柔敦厚」推揚為創作極則。而杜詩既具有「溫柔敦厚」的創作特色，因此，杜詩已達到詩歌創作上的最高善境。由於凡能精通一事且眾所不及者即可稱「聖」。杜甫因而在詩歌創作上擁有「詩聖」的稱號。更重要的是，杜甫秉性仁厚，能將心比心，設身處地同情理解別人境遇，並對他人苦患感同身受，因此在創作上能藉由委曲婉轉、含蓄隱微的方式來刺惡諫過與戒惡導善，這就是「溫柔敦厚」的表現方法。這種止惡導善的方式，實以大同至善、風俗淳厚社會為宗旨，所謂「致君堯舜上，再使風俗淳」（＜奉贈韋左丞丈二十二韻＞）；另一方面，杜甫這種憂國愛民、濟世安邦的情懷又時時見諸詩章，所謂「安得壯士挽天河，淨洗甲兵長不用」（＜洗兵行＞）。而古人又主張：積善成德、博施濟眾即可為聖。因此，杜甫實可稱為詩中之聖。據此，「溫柔敦厚」乃是杜甫「詩聖說」的重要因素之一，兩者關係極為密切。那麼，杜詩「溫柔敦厚」的探究進路，實是杜甫「詩聖說」研究的新方向。

關鍵字

杜甫；溫柔敦厚；忠君；仁；詩聖

並列摘要

Since ancient times, people who discussed poetry have commonly stated that Dufu’s poems feature the characteristics of gentleness, honesty, and sincerity and that he had a peaceful disposition. Moreover, Dufu has also acquired the most distinguished title available to a poet: the Saint of Poetry. These two details (i.e., Dufu’s gentleness and his distinguished title) have become critical topics in classical poetry; however, few studies on Dufu’s work have elucidated the relationship between them, which served as the motivation for conducting this study. In the olden days, people respected the style of writing in the Shijing (Book of Odes and Hymns) and promoted the concept of gentleness, honesty, and sincerity as the ultimate principle for educating others and creating artworks. Dufu’s work features these characteristics; therefore, his creations have achieved the realm of highest virtue in poetry. Because people who mastered a skill to a level beyond that of typical people are referred to as “saints,” Dufu has been given the title of the Saint of Poetry. In addition, he was generous, caring, compassionate, and empathic towards others. Therefore, through his works, Dufu was able to subtly and implicitly guide others to rectify their faults, avoid evil doings, and advocate virtuous behavior. Such is the method of manifesting the characteristics of gentleness, honesty, and sincerity, an approach aimed at achieving a harmonious, virtuous, and honest society. Furthermore, Dufu’s patriotism, love for his men, and compassion toward rescuing those in need is also evident in his works. Ancient people have maintained that those who are willing to help anyone and who show a righteous, generous character can become saints, further asserting Dufu’s status as the saint of poetry. Therefore, the characteristics of gentleness, honesty, and sincerity are one of the prominent factors in this study on the Saint of Poetry because they share a vital relationship. Consequently, exploring these characteristics in Dufu’s works provided a new direction for studying him in greater detail.