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不定數量詞「一些」之標量含義-一個實驗語用學的實徵研究

Exploring the scalar implicature of the quantifier "some" - an Empirical study of Experimental Pragmatics

摘要


在日常生活的言談中,對話者需要考慮到當時自身的意圖(intention)、在言談互動之中的情境等相關因素,因而使話語在意義與理解上產生不完全等同的關係。會話含義(Conversational Implicature)會因著言談時的語境(context)而有不同的詮釋、理解,這情況也會體現在言談中的特定詞語上,例如「標量量詞」(scalar quantifiers)在理解上有其層級性(scalar),由此類別語詞所推論出的隱含意義,在語用學中稱為標量含義(scalar implicature)。就不定數量詞「一些」在語意的詮釋上,除了「有;且只有一些」(X= some , some but not all),也可以解讀為「至少有一些,乃至於全部」(X >=some , some even all),例如「我吃了一些炒麵」,可以理解成將整碗炒麵吃完,也有可能吃了碗中一部分的炒麵。本研究運用「圖片-語句」的相關匹配測驗,以DMDX軟體進行實驗刺激項目呈現的編程及執行,並記錄實驗參與者的答題反應及判斷反應時間(reaction time),我們觀察到10歲左右的兒童在數量詞「一些」上,具有標量含義(scalar implicature)的語言使用上的理解,所以我們推論數量詞的標量含義具有一定程度的心理真實性(psychological reality)。此外我們也發現從字面意義到隱含意義之間的理解是一種連續的現象,而「標量含義」也並非單純二分法的呈現。

關鍵字

標量含義 一些 實驗語用學

並列摘要


This study, by conducting a psychological experiment, aims to explore the nature of scalar implicature through testing the reaction time of the Chinese quantifier "yixie" in utterance interpretation. We found the pragmatic understanding of the quantifier "some" of the children around the age of 10 has a certain degree of psychological reality. In addition, we also found that the understanding from literal meaning to implicature is a continuous phenomenon, and scalar implicature is not a simple dichotomy.

參考文獻


Feeney, A., Scrafton,S., Duckworth, A. & Handley, S.J. (2004). The Story of Some: Everyday Pragmatic Inference by Children and Adults. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 58(2): 121-132.
Grice, H. P (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Horn,L. (1984). Toward a new taxonomy for pragmatic inference: Q- based and R-based implicature. In D. Schiffrin (ed.) Meaning, Form and Use in Context, 11-42. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
Horn, L. (1972). On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. Ph.D. thesis, UCLA, Los Angeles.
Horn,L. (2004). Implicature. In Horn and Ward (eds.). The Handbook of pragmatics, 3-28. Oxford: Blackwell.

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