- 期刊
On the Different Usages of Mandarin Haoxiang and Henxiang, and Their 'Partial' Merger
臺灣華語好像／很像的用法與其部分混同
摘要
This paper aims to study the differences and the partial merger of two Mandarin words, haoxiang (好像) and henxiang (很像) in Mandarin Chinese. Both of them can be recognized as a degree modifier hao/hen plus a verb xiang 'resemble', while in the literature, only haoxiang denotes the epistemic meaning 'seem/seemingly', as sihu (似乎 'seem')or fangfu (彷彿 'seem') does. This paper follows Lin and Tang (1995)'s view on the raising modal, and takes haoxiang as a raising modal. For its syntactic category, haoxiang is seen as an epistemic adverb as Lin (2012) proposes. Despite the abovementioned differences between the two words, some Taiwanese Mandarin speakers tend to use henxiang to indicate the epistemic meaning, which seems to be a merger of the two words. To observe the so-called 'merger' between the two words, we created an online survey and the results suggest that a 'partial' merger does exist; that is, at least 10% of all speakers do show a merger between the two words. To explain the origin of the merger, we propose that it is an internal change due to the similarity between hao/hen, but not a case of language contact, as shown by comparing data from Taiwan Southern Min and Taiwan Hakka. In the mainstream dialect of TSM, the word for 'seem', ka^2-na^2 (敢若), is not similar to the composition of a degree adverb plus the word for 'resemble'. In Taiwan Hakka, the word for 'seem' resembles the composition of a degree adverb plus a verb, such as dong^(24) qiong^(55)/qin^(55) qiong^(55) '當像/盡像'; however, we still cannot claim that it is the origin of the Mandarin merger since it may be the result of Mandarin influence. In conclusion, the partial merger of the two words is more likely to be the result of internal change in Taiwan Mandarin.
並列摘要
本論文旨在探討臺灣華語的「好像」與「很像」兩者的不同用法。雖然兩者均可以理解為程度副詞「好」或「很」加上動詞「像」的用法，兩者的差別如楊罄瑜（2017）研究的，「好」可作為驚嘆句的標記，後常銜接句末助詞（SFP）。然而過去文獻中，僅有「好像」有認知情態詞（epistemic modal）的用法，意同「似乎」或「彷佛」。本論文基本上遵循林若望、湯志真（1995）對於提升情態詞（raising modal）的分析，認為「好像」某個程度上亦屬於提升情態詞。關於其句法地位，本論文承襲林宗宏（2012）的分析，認為其屬於認知情態副詞（epistemic adverb），與一般情態詞仍具有一定差別。相較下，「很像」則不具備上述的句法特點，一般僅認為是程度副詞與「像」的結合，歷來並未有研究深入探討。儘管兩詞彙的差別誠如上述，部分語者在日常生活中似漸有混用的趨勢，亦即「很像」具有情態副詞之功能，表示「似乎」的用法。為研究此趨勢，筆者亦進行線上調查分析，結果顯示確實約有百分之十的語者有混用的情形，與筆者實際感受相符。本文進一步解釋此現象應當為臺灣華語的內部演變，而非其他本土語言的影響，臺灣閩南語為例，表示「似乎」的詞彙一般為「假若」（ka^2－na^2）而非如同華語的程度副詞與「像」的結合。而臺灣客語詞彙雖有類似的組合，同樣為程度副詞「當／盡」（dong^(24)/qin^(55)）加上「像」，不過並不能排除是受到華語的影響。故本文最後認為此一部分混同，實為「很」／「好」兩者高度相似的結果。