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夏荊山筆下地藏菩薩的造型風格探討
An Analysis on the Styles of Kṣitigarbha Painted by Xia Jin Shan
Abstracts
一代道釋人物畫家夏荊山大師，晚年專注於佛教類的畫作，所畫法相題材，遍及諸佛像、菩薩像、羅漢像、護法天王像等，每一題材法相，均造型莊嚴，作品數量豐富，其中傳統的四大菩薩中的地藏菩薩，其遺作雖未如觀音畫之龐大數量，但亦相當可觀。本文討論夏大師一生所畫各式地藏菩薩像，文中先從地藏菩薩相關的經典依據談起，強調地藏菩薩救渡地獄眾生的願力，並稍敘歷史上具代表性的地藏圖像遺品。再進一步將夏大師的眾多地藏菩薩畫作，分成單尊像與群組像二大類，依次分析夏大師所畫單尊地藏菩薩法相造型、坐立姿勢，再就群組像中，討論其脇侍像、護法神像、隨從禮拜像等的法義源流，以及畫作運筆敷彩的畫風特色等。最後就夏大師地藏畫作的傳承與創新，在中國傳統佛畫史上的地位作總結。
Parallel abstracts
Xia Jing Shan was a master of Taoist and Buddhist portraiture, whose focus shifted to Buddhist paintings in the later stage of his career. He depicted a wide range of subjects, including portraits of Buddha, bodhisattvas, arhats, and Dharma protectors. Each of his portrait exudes qualities that are solemn and majestic, and included in Xia's prolific oeuvre are also portraits of Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva, one of the four principal bodhisattvas; although he painted more portraits of Avalokiteśvara, the number of Kṣitigarbha portraits created by Xia is still quite considerable. This paper examines Xia Jing Shan's life-long diverse oeuvre of Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva portraits. Starting with references of classics associated with Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva, focus is placed on the bodhisattva's great vow to save the sentient beings in hell, with iconic Kṣitigarbha portraits that have been preserved in history briefly described. Xia's prolific oeuvre of Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva paintings are then categorized into two major groups of single and group portraits, with further analysis then conducted on the styles, sitting and standing postures, and the bodhisattva's entourage depicted in the group portraits, including the doctrines and origins of the portrayed attendant figures, guardian deities, followers and worshippers, as well as the notable stylistic features observed in the paintings' brushwork and color application. Lastly, the paper concludes with how Xia inherited traditions and also incorporated innovative elements in his paintings of Kṣitigarbha and also his position in the history of Chinese traditional Buddhist painting.