- 期刊
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美國國家藝術品與文物擔保賠償計畫
United States Government Arts and Artifacts Indemnity Program
摘要
博物館之間經常透過借展，達到文化交流、教育延伸，以及資源共享的目的。然而，在藝術品與文物借展的領域，水漲船高的藝術品市場價值所衍生出的高額保險費，往往成為阻礙交流的因素，尤其是大型的國際性借展。為有效解決此問題，許多國家陸續針對藝術品借展，制定「國家擔保賠償」制度，也就是由政府為借展品提供擔保，當損害發生時，由國家負擔賠償責任。美國是早期設置國家擔保賠償制度的國家之一。美國國會於1975年12月通過《藝術品與文物擔保賠償法》，日後正式啟動「藝術品與文物擔保賠償計畫」。該計畫自實施以來，迄今已將近半個世紀。本篇文章首先概述《藝術品與文物擔保賠償法》制定的契機與過程，接著便進入美國國家擔保賠償計畫實質內容的介紹。將以《藝術品與文物擔保賠償法》、該法授權制定的行政法規，以及擔保協議之條款為主軸，依序說明計畫涵括的主要內容，包括：擔保賠償之借展品及展覽之要件、賠償額度之限制、自負額規定、申請人資格、審核原則、理賠原則、部分損害之鑑價、代位求償、損失買回…等重點。
並列摘要
The purpose of cultural exchanges, educational outreach, and resource sharing are usually realized among museums through loans. However, in the field of arts and artifacts loan, the soaring market value of artworks, resulting in high insurance premiums, often poses a barrier to such exchanges. This is especially true for large-scale international loans. To address this issue, many countries have gradually developed a government indemnity system for art loans. That is, the government provides guarantees for the loan objects so that, in the event of damage, the country's government assumes the responsibility for compensation. The United States is one of the earliest countries to establish a government indemnity system. The United States Congress passed the Arts and Artifacts Indemnity Act in December of 1975, followed by the official launch of the Arts and Artifacts Indemnity Program. The Program has been in operation for nearly half a century. This paper begins with an overview of the intention and process for the formulation of the Arts and Artifacts Indemnity Act, and then introduces the essential content of the Arts and Artifacts Indemnity Program. Focusing on the Act, the administrative regulations authorized by this Act, and the terms of the indemnity agreements, the paper details the main elements of the Program, including: the requirements for loaned objects and exhibitions eligible for indemnity, indemnification limits, provisions for deductibles, applicant qualifications, review principles, claim principles, appraisal of partial damages, subrogation, loss buy-back, and other key points.