- 期刊
國際養殖魚類抗寄生蟲用藥現況之簡介
Current Circumstances of Antiparasitic Drugs in International Farmed Fish
摘要
寄生蟲感染症為養殖魚類重要疾病，依寄生魚體部位不同可分成體內及體外寄生蟲，種類涵蓋原蟲類、絛蟲類、線蟲類、吸蟲類及甲殼類。目前國際間魚類抗寄生蟲常用藥物包含對原蟲類、吸蟲類及甲殼類均有作用的有機磷類藥物三氯仿（trichlorfon）與亞滅松（azamethiphos），對原蟲類及吸蟲類效果較佳的醛類藥物福馬林（formalin），對體外吸蟲類、甲殼類與體內線蟲類都具有效用的巨環內酯類抗生素類因滅汀（emamectin benzoate），甲殼類外寄生蟲防治的合成除蟲菊精類藥物第滅寧（deltamethrin）及賽滅寧（cypermethrin），可治療原蟲並同時調節藻相的無機鹽類藥物硫酸銅（copper sulfate），針對絛蟲及線蟲類內寄生蟲治療之吡嗪異喹啉衍生物praziquantel，僅對甲殼類幼蟲有療效的苯甲醯尿素類藥物得福隆（teflubenzuron）與二福隆（diflubenzuron），及對吸蟲類與甲殼類均有效用之丙酮酸酯類藥物丙酮酸甲酯（methyl pyruvate）。其中三氯仿、因滅汀、第滅寧及得福隆等藥劑分別在不同國家核准使用於魚類寄生蟲治療並訂有殘留容許量，而福馬林在美國與歐盟、硫酸銅在歐盟與中國及丙酮酸甲酯在日本皆核准於魚類寄生蟲感染時使用且無需訂殘留容許量。本報告經由比較各國水產動物藥品之核准狀態、公告殘留容許量、各種藥劑特性及防治對象等資料分析，評估結果認為因滅汀、得福隆及丙酮酸甲酯三種藥物符合目前國際規範，具有適合推動成為國內魚類寄生蟲治療核准用藥之研究對象。
並列摘要
Parasitic infestation is one of the critical diseases in farmed fish. These pathogens are divided into endoparasites and ectoparasites according to the parasitic position on the fish body. The species of fish parasites include Protozoa, Cestodes, Nematodes, Trematodes, and Crustaceans, and the applicability of an antiparasitic drug differs depending on the type of parasite. Commonly used antiparasitic drugs for fish worldwide include trichlorfon and azamethiphos, which are organophosphorus drugs that target Protozoa, Trematodes, and Crustaceans. Formalin, an aldehyde drug, is effective on Crustaceans and Nematodes. The macrolide antibiotic emamectin benzoate is a potent drug on endoparasites, such as nematodes, as well as ectoparasites, such as Trematodes and Crustaceans. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin, which are pyrethroids, are effective in controlling crustacean parasites. Copper sulfate and inorganic salt inhibit protozoa and regulate algal growth in culture ponds. Praziquantel, a pyrazine isoquinoline derivative, is mainly used to treat endoparasites, such as tapeworms and nematodes. The benzyl urea drugs teflubenzuron and diflubenzuron are effective only on larvae of crustacean parasites. Methyl pyruvate, which is a pyruvate ester, has therapeutic effects on flukes and Crustaceans. Among these drugs, trichlorfon, emamectin benzoate, deltamethrin, and teflubenzuron have been approved for therapeutic use on fish parasites and have established maximum residue limits (MRLs) in different countries. Although approved for fish parasite treatment, there are no MRLs set for the following drugs: formalin in the United States and Canada; copper sulfate in European Union and China; and methyl pyruvate in Japan. After comparing the characteristics of various agents, treatment objects, approval status of various countries, and MRLs, we recommended emamectin benzoate, teflubenzuron, and methyl pyruvate, which conform to international rules, as study targets and potential agents for drug approval for the treatment of domestic fish parasites.