德國文化資產管理制度現況及案例

德國自1990年統一以來，國家由兩極化的分裂分治狀態，重回大同盟的聯邦體制懷抱。德國的文化政策在這20年間，也隨著統一的進程不斷修改，以期達成階段性使命。文化政策對文化資產的管理方式有絕對的影響，為因應文化政策的走向，德國在文化資產的管理上，開始朝數位化、強調文物保存維護的方向行進；在相關預算問題上，則朝著與民間結盟的方向調整。而在節能減碳蔚為風尚的德國，保存維護工作也開始與節能減碳技術結合。另外一個重要的管理發展，就是把古蹟重整的工作，設定為社區再生的核心，鼓勵社區居民投入，一同經營。在前東德地區的經濟水平可以跟前西德地區平起平坐之前，德國政府還需要努力發展出能同時符合遺產保存與經濟發展需求的政策，才能真正達成全民遺產全民愛護的目標。本文將從德國的文化資產相關管理組織、法規及預算三方面入手，呈現德國的文化資產管理制度現況，最後並以三個案例，說明管理制度如何落實與調整。

關鍵字

文化資產管理；文化政策；德國；保存維護

並列摘要

Twenty years after German reunification in 1990, the different political systems in West and East Germany are reunited into the same Federal system once more. During these 20 years, cultural policy has greatly changed to adapt to the different needs at different stages after reunification. The management of the cultural heritages now in Germany focuses on conservation and digitalization. Because of a decrease in federal finance, Germany has started to encourage private foundations and donations via tax laws. To comply with the trend towards green energy and energy-saving in Germany, the conservation experts and energy-saving experts now cooperate together to develop techniques and materials for both conservation and energy-saving. The restoration of heritage, is now also promoted by the government as a means to reform and develop the community where the heritage is, and to make all citizens the stakeholders in the management of that heritage. However, the most serious challenge to the German government in managing its heritage is to develop a policy which is applicable both to heritage conservation and to the development of local economy. Then the German government can expect people to protect their heritage as if it were their own property. This paper introduces the present situation of the management of the cultural heritage in Germany from three dimensions - organization, legislation and finance. Three examples are used to clarify how the German government practises its management system of cultural heritage.