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A PLUMAGE STUDY OF THE CARDINAL (Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis) OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
美國賓州西部主紅雀之研究
摘要
This study is based on the specimens of northern cardinal(CardinaJis cardinaJis cardinalis) from western Pennsylvania in the collection of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. The study covers the plumage, molt, flight feather retention for winter and age of northern cardinals. From this study, the sequence .of molt on wings began with the lesser and median coverts, and then greater coverts, alula and primary coverts respectively. Primary I of the flight feather may molt concurrently or a little later than the lesser and median coverts. The sequence of molt on the head was not determinable from these study skins, but the sequence of molt on the body could be determined from the juvenile males, in which new reddish feathers came out on the upper and the side of breast first, and gradually expanded to breast and belly. The specimens showed that the end of October and the early part of November is a critical time for feathers to stop molting. The bird may retain its feathers for winter. The degree of retention varies in individuals. The asymmetrical molt more often happens in juveniles than in adults and also more often on rectrices than on remiges. Asymmetrical retention was also found in this study. The age is determined by a combination of characteristics which are described in the method section.
關鍵字
無資料並列摘要
美國賓州匹茲堡市的卡耐基自然史博物館所館藏的鳥類標本中，採自賓州西部的主紅雀共有一九二件。將這些標本按其雌、雄及成鳥，幼鳥分類，分別檢查牠們的換羽、羽色、嘴色及頭骨骨化等情形，得知幼鳥飛羽換羽的順序始於小覆羽和中覆羽。有時小覆羽和中覆羽的換羽在幼鳥羽毛尚未完成前即開始。初級飛羽第一根羽毛換羽的時間可能與小覆羽和中覆羽同時或稍後，而當換羽過程繼續進行至大覆羽或小覆羽時。初級飛羽進行至第三或第四根時，次級飛羽第一根，三級飛羽第一根和尾羽第一根才開始換羽。身體的換羽始於上胸及其兩側，然12主逐漸交換至胸、腹。十月底和十一月初是幼鳥停止換羽的臨界時刻，未及換羽而保留下來度冬的羽毛包括初級種羽、初級飛羽、次級飛羽、參級飛羽，尾羽和部份身體羽毛。飛羽保留度冬的順序始於尾羽，然後參級飛羽、初級覆羽、次級飛羽，最後是初級飛羽。羽毛保留度冬的程度，因鳥而異。但各羽可以同時保留，例如尾羽和次級飛羽可以同時保留。兩邊不對稱之換羽情形，幼鳥比成，鳥多，且發生在尾羽的情形比在飛羽多。兩邊不對稱的保留羽毛度冬的情形亦有。羽毛分成六級。十一月以後採集之雄性幼鳥，身體羽毛保留的程度因個體而異，有的已是五級完成， 即換羽成全紅的後幼鳥期。有的還停留在四分之一級，則有五分之一之羽毛保留度冬。嘴色的變化始於嘴的基部和下嘴的內緣，先由黑變淡，而後轉換為鮮桔紅色。黑色嘴不保留度冬，大都在十二月底以前都轉變成桔紅色。頭骨骨化的過程拖得比飛羽和身體羽毛換羽的時間還長。頭骨在尚未完全骨化之前，羽毛和嘴色都已轉紅。 由測量翼長和尾長的結果，顯示主紅雀的個體雄者比雌者大。就幼鳥而言，換羽過的飛羽比未換羽前長。