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摘要


Antenatal intrauterine fetal therapy has now become the target of numerous invasive diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers. Fetal motion during intrauterine fetal therapy not only makes these procedures technically more difficult but also increase the likelihood of trauma to the umbilical vessels and the fetus. Combination of high doses of sedatives, tranquillizers, and narcotics rarely results in adequate suppression of fetal movement. Such medication puts the mother at risk of respiratory depression, regurgitation and aspiration. The use of pancuronium or atracurium to temporarily arrest fetal movement in ten fetus is reported. After an initial ultrasound assessment of fetal lie, placental location, and umbilical cord insertion site, the fetal weight was calculated by the ultrasound parameters of biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference. Under ultrasound guidance, we injected pancuronium 0.15 mg/kg or atracurium 1.0 mg/kg using a 23-gauge spinal needle into the fetal gluteal muscle. Short-term paralysis of the fetus was induced in all cases. Fetal movement stopped by sonographic observation within 5.8±2.3 min in the pancuronium group and 4.7±1.8 min in the atracurium group. Fetal movements returned both to maternal sensation or ultrasonic observation by 92±23 min in the first group and 36±11 min in the second group. No adverse effect of the relaxant has been observed in any of the mothers. There was no evidence of local soft tissue, nerve or muscle damage at the site of injection on initial examination of the neonate s after delivery. The use of neuromuscular relaxant in fetus was a safe and useful method.

並列摘要


產前在子宮内從事胎兒診斷及治療,目前已成爲熱門的研究方向之一,但是胎兒在子宮内的運動,不僅使操作上更加困難,而且可能在診斷及治療時造成胎兒的傷害。過去爲了抑制胎兒在子宮内的運動,我們常在母親身上使用高劑量的鎮定劑與成癮性麻藥,但是效果往往不佳,無法有效的抑制胎兒的運動,且常造成母親呼吸的抑制,亦增加術中母親嘔吐及肺部吸入的危險性Crespigny在1985首次嘗試在胎兒身上使用肌肉鬆弛劑,在超音波的引導下,在胎兒的股部注射d-Tubocurarine,然而其劑量卻比大人靜注量高達十倍,且其阻斷的時間亦未定量。我們嘗試把有適應症的產婦任意分成兩組第一組每公斤體重使用Pancuronium 0.15毫克,第二組每公斤體重使用Atracurium 1.5毫克,約爲臨床靜脈使用量的兩倍,我們比較兩者作用開始的時間及定量其阻斷時間的長短,並且測量其對胎兒心跳的影響,及觀察其不良的副作用。在超音波的引導下,我們用脊椎注射長針把肌肉鬆弛劑,經由母親的肚皮注人胎兒的臀部或大腿上,可由小氣泡在超音波的反射,知道注射位置準確與否。我們發現第一組胎兒在5.8±2.3分停止運動第二組胎兒在4.7±1.8分停止運動。第一組的胎兒在92±23外恢復活動,而第二組在36±11分恢復活動。肌肉鬆弛劑使用期間,兩組胎兒心跳並没有顯著的差異。在肌肉鬆弛期間,我們很順利完成治療或診斷的步驟。這些胎兒在出生後,我們並没有發現有任何神經、肌肉或軟組織的傷害。從胚胎至嬰兒和成人,神經肌肉交接處無論在形態上或功能上,皆逐步的成熟,例如由胚胎形的乙醯膽鹼結合器變爲成人形的結合器,其外解酵素及釋放乙醯膽鹼的小泡量也不同。運動神經的傳導速度,也隨著髓鞘的完成而加快速度。肌肉的收縮性質也不斷的在改變,整個肌肉佔全身的比例也在改變。鬆弛劑在人體的分佈,排出或清除,以及代謝皆不同。這些因素影響著劑量反應關係圖,及作用時間的長短。這許多因子加上胎兒血中的酸鹼度及電解質和成人有相當大的差異,使得胎兒對肌肉鬆弛劑的反應變得相當複雜,由本實驗的結果得知,胎兒對於肌肉鬆弛劑相當的敏感,因此低劑量的肌肉鬆弛劑即足夠產生適度的肌肉麻痺效果,不僅有助於這些手術實行,且有效的減少胎兒的傷害,爲從事胎兒產前檢查及治療之種安全又有效的方法。

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