祖靈是祖先的靈魂嗎？一個比較觀點上的考察─以漢人祖先祭祀和泰雅族rutux信仰為主要參照點─紀念張光直先生─

在討論台灣原住民的信仰時，學者往往將原民的祖靈祭拜與漢人之祖先祭祀相提並論。表面上看來，這兩種祭祀活動皆是對於去世先祖之追思與敬重，然而，兩個宗教祭儀背後涉及對於人的歸屬定位以及人與自然（或超自然）之間關係有著極為不同的看法，必須仔細加以探究，方能闡明兩者之間的根本差異。基本上，有關祖先與祖靈的討論得放在一個有關「宗族」－「家族」與「神靈」－「靈力」的比較架構上來加檢視，同時對兩者所涉及的不同宗教思想內涵加以探究，才能見到兩種信仰所展現的不同風貌。本文即針對者此一問題所觸及的一些複雜層面所做之初步探討。

關鍵字

祖先祭祀；宗族；天；靈；巫

並列摘要

When discussing the religious beliefs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples, scholars in Taiwan often draw parallels between their spirit cults and Han Chinese ancestor worship. On the surface, these two kinds of worship both deal with memorializing and venerating the deceased. However, behind these two systems of religious ceremony are ideas involving the nature of humanity and the relationship between humanity and nature (or the supernatural) that are extremely different. It is only when we carefully examine such practices that we can then elucidate their fundamental differences. On the whole, discussions regarding ancestors and ancestral spirits must be placed within a comparative framework that considers the relationship between both clan and family and spirit and spiritual power. At the same time, scholars should investigate the different religious thinking that each system involves; only then, can we see the different styles and features that emerge from the two systems of religious belief. This paper is a preliminary investigation focusing on the complex facets of this issue.