論歸有光詩中的海戰書寫－兼述其古文中的禦寇思想

本文針對歸有光24首與抗倭海戰相關的詩篇作深入的探討，以溯源頭、觀流變的研究方式，具體見出歸有光海戰詩以「百姓視角」所書寫的黎民苦難，大別於「戰士視角」下偏重戰士形象、心境與勝利凱歌的書寫內涵，在宋元明海戰詩中顯得獨樹一幟。其詩雖亦有對海戰英雄（任環）的形塑，但他更側重書寫任環關愛百姓的英雄特質，此外，他有更多詩篇抒發戰爭結果中人民遭受倭寇燒掠、有司催科的痛苦悲歌，以及戰後對官員怯懦無能的諷刺與對當局招撫倭寇政策不當的批評，對於觀察明代海戰詩學方面具有極重要的參考與補充價值。同時，為了補充有光詩中關於禦倭策略的不足，本文一併討論了其古文中的禦寇思想。再者，由於有光海戰詩多方面地投射出他內在的深層心理，因而研究其海戰詩書寫，遂成為探索其心靈世界的另一極佳取徑。

關鍵字

海戰書寫；歸有光；明詩；明代散文；倭寇

並列摘要

This article analyzed the origin, the development and the changes of 24 pieces of Gui Youguang's poems about the sea battling with Japanese pirates. Our observation indicated that Gui's poems emphasized on the hardship and sorrow experienced by the local folks from the perspective of a general people rather than the perspective of a warrior. Therefore his poems were unique compared to the poems generated at the same time frame that emphasized more on the heroic image, personal opinion or victory of the warrior. For instance, he wrote about the sea-battling image for one of the heroes - Ren Huan, however, he emphasized more on how Ren Huan took care of the folks. He had also written a lot more poems to illustrate the humanitarian, economical, and mental consequences of the wars. Besides the criticism on the spineless and incompetent of the local officers, he had also appraised the improper policy on soliciting Japanese pirates in his poems and provided concrete proposals about resisting Japanese pirates in his proses. His compositions serve as some important evidence in the study of sea-battling poems in Ming dynasty. We had also studied the thoughts about resisting Japanese in his writings to compensate the weakness about the strategy from his poems. Gui is a writer who reflected his inner thoughts in his writing. Therefore, studying his poems became one of the ways to better understand his characteristic.