論施用毒品犯罪之刑事轉向措施──以美國LEAD模式與DTAP模式為核心

施用毒品犯罪長期以來皆為我國司法系統上相當沉重的負擔，如何緩解司法系統的負擔，以及如何為施用毒品犯罪者提供更有效的處遇措施以減少反覆犯罪，為我國毒品政策上極為重要的課題。本文首先評析我國目前轉向處遇措施的不足，指出當前制度的困境是多重且相互加強的，因此需要提出新穎的制度概念以提供政策制定上的突破。其次，本文探討美國施用毒品犯罪之刑事轉向措施，包含毒品法庭、DTAP模式和較新的LEAD制度。其中，DTAP模式通過檢察體系來提供與加強個人化處遇計畫的執行，強調住所穩定性和強化個案管理，以減少藥物成癮和性交易等行為的危害；LEAD則專注於減少刑事司法程序對毒品使用者的影響，提供社區矯正和醫療治療等資源整合性介入。最後，透過美國法的比較研究，就我國施用毒品犯罪刑事司法轉向措施的現況和可能的調整方向，包括引入能夠強化分流與對應需求處遇機制的RANT評估機制、彈性立法授權、社區矯治資源和醫療介入等方面提出改善建議。整體而言，本文聚焦於美國和我國毒品犯罪刑事轉向措施的比較研究和建議，為更有效的處置和預防毒品重複犯罪的方法提供不同的思路。

關鍵字

施用毒品犯罪；轉向措施；社區處遇； DTAP模式； LEAD制度

並列摘要

The issue of drug use offence has long been a significant burden on judicial system of Taiwan. How to alleviate this burden and provide more effective measures for drug use offenders to reduce recidivism are crucial issues in Taiwan's drug policy. This paper first analyzes the defect of Taiwan's current diversion measures, pointing out that the existing system's challenges are multifaceted and mutually reinforcing. Therefore, there is a need to introduce innovative institutional concepts to achieve breakthroughs in policy-making. Subsequently, this paper examines the criminal diversion measures for drug-related crimes in the United States, including drug courts, the Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison (DTAP) model, and the more recent Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) program. The DTAP model, through the prosecutorial system, provides and reinforces personalized treatment plans, emphasizing housing stability and enhanced case management to reduce the harms of drug addiction and related behaviors such as sex exchange. The LEAD program focuses on reducing the impact of the criminal justice process on drug users by providing comprehensive interventions such as community supervision and medical treatment. Finally, through a comparative study of US law, the current status and potential adjustment directions of criminal justice diversion measures for drug use offence in our country are discussed, including the introduction of the RANT assessment mechanism to strengthen diversion and demand-responsive treatment program, flexible legislative authorizations, community correction resources, and medical interventions. Overall, this paper focuses on a comparative study of drug use offence justice diversion measures between the United States and our country, aiming to promote more effective methods of disposal and prevention of drug-related recidivism.