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  • 期刊

同治時期外國公使覲見禮儀交涉

The Negotiation for Diplomatic Etiquette with Foreign Ambassadors in the Tongzhi Reign

摘要


大清國強盛時期,從未允讓外國派使臣駐京,使臣若非為朝貢而來,亦無法得到清朝皇帝的接見,清朝中期國勢衰微,英、法聯軍攻進北京,震撼清廷。西歐列強不僅派公使進駐北京,亦提出覲見清朝皇帝的要求,本文擬就同治時期外國公使要求覲見同治皇帝所引起的外交禮儀等相關問題作簡單的介紹。

關鍵字

覲見 朝貢 主權對等 北京條約

並列摘要


China had never allowed the establishment of a permanent embassy in Beijing at the zenith of the Great Qing Empire. Unless for the tributary mission, foreign envoys cannot get a chance to meet with the emperor of the Qing Dynasty. When the empire started to decline at the middle of the dynastic era, British and French troops invaded Beijing and shocked the Qing court. Western powers not only established an embassy in Beijing but also requested a meeting with the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. This article is intended to give a brief introduction regarding the issues related to diplomatic etiquette at the meeting between foreign ambassadors and the Tongzhi Emperor.

參考文獻


(清)金兆豐編或寫,《大清國修正賓禮志》,文獻編號:6000134,國立故宮博物院藏
張啟雄(1995)。外蒙主權歸屬交涉1911-1916。臺北:中央研究院近代史研究所。
費正清(2010)。中國的世界秩序。北京:中國社會科學出版社。
《籌辦夷務始末─同治朝》,卷49,頁25-30。
《籌辦夷務始末─同治朝》,同治6 年,第20 冊,臺北:國立故宮博物院藏,頁164-166。頁164-166。

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