摘要
多元民族國家，境內的少數族群如果在情感上缺乏國家認同；統治階層及主流族群無同理心，只靠硬實力支撐政治疆界的完整，一旦民族分離意識萌生，便會成為影響社會安定的隱憂。位於西班牙的巴斯克，人口僅佔西班牙的5%左右，但經濟實力明顯優於其他地區；有自己特殊的地理空間及歷史進程，有別於西班牙的語言與文化體系；在西班牙政治變遷及中央集權化的過程中，民族獨立的意識始終持續不斷。尤有甚者，1959年成立的埃塔組織，就是典型的極端民族主義團體，訴求以武力、暴力為手段，透過恐怖攻擊，以達成獨立建國的目標，卻也因此被列入國際恐怖組織名單。近年來，國際社會對恐怖組織的制約已有共識，尤其法國積極介入，導致埃塔的資金及武裝勢力受到極大影響，不得不多次宣布放棄武裝行動。此外西班牙也逐漸對巴斯克採取去中央化政策，恢復其歷史語言使用權利，承認並給予特殊政治地位；在歐洲的經濟統合主義思潮下影響，年輕世代雖存有民族獨立意識，但也逐漸產生變化。反對勢力亦採取議會路線和獨立公投的體制內策略以試圖贏得其認同。2016年11月，埃塔首領被抓，以恐怖攻擊為手段的路線是否逐漸消逝；以協商取代暴力，以議會取代街頭的新思維是否形成，對巴斯克未來獨立運動的屬性與前景將帶來諸多的變化。
並列摘要
In a multinational state, the fact that minority ethnic groups emotionally lack of national identity, while their ruling levels and majority ethnic groups are short of empathy, merely supported by concrete political power, may become influential on the secret worry of social security once their separation consciousness emerges. Basque is located in Spain, with only 5% of the national population and more superior economic power than other regions. Due to its unique geographical position and historical progress, distinctive from the Spanish language and cultural system, the awareness of national independence in there lasts in the course of Spanish political changes and centralization. In particular, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna （ETA）, established in 1959, is the typical national extreme group. Being notorious for its armed forces and violence, ETA appeals to the goal of independence through terror attacks, which turns out to be on the list of international terror groups. In recent years, under the restrictions of the international community exclusively from French positive involvement, its funds and armed forces have been to a much greater extent impacted, ending up with announcing the suspension of military operations for times. What's more, the Spanish government has steadily adopted decentralization towards Basque, restored the right of using its historical language, and granted it a unique political position with recognition. Under the influence of the ideological trend of European economic corporatism, the younger generations have gradually changed notwithstanding the awareness of national independence they keep in mind. The counterforce also adopts the governmental strategies of parliamentary course and independence referendum so as to win its recognition. After the ETA chief was arrested in November, 2016, whether the strength by previous terror attacks is decreased inch by inch as well as whether replacing violence with negotiation and substituting parliamentary course for street movement course are formed will surely vary to the nature of Basque independence movement in the future.