從孫中山實業計畫看重慶升格直轄市設立思維－兼論大陸直轄市建制未來發展

大陸自1949年建政以來，70多年來的直轄市建制已經過數次的調整，直到目前眾所周知的北京、上海、天津與重慶等四個直轄市。不過，去（2020）年下半年，媒體爭相報導大陸重量級智庫／中國科學院的一篇文章建議中提到，大陸行政區應朝「增設直轄市、縮小省轄市」方向規劃，並支持廣東深圳、山東青島、遼寧大連、新疆喀什等市升格為直轄市，再次讓直轄市議題引起熱議。直轄市的簡單定義，顧名思義就是直接隸屬於中央政府管轄，以有別於其他城市還須受省級建制的管理，而這當中最直接的利益就是可以具有較寬廣的財政權以及人事權，這亦是許多城市都希望爭取進入直轄市的行列中以促進該地發展之最大原因，這是學界許多人討論這個議題的主要面向；不過本文的著重點不在這些執行層面，是從整個大陸區域發展的角度觀之，特別是直轄市常常可以扮演帶動整個區域發展火車頭的角色，因此這部份的設立思維往往牽動著整個國家的發展，而被尊為革命先行者的孫中山百年前就是以建設整個中國現代化為職志，是故其實業計畫中有關區域發展與城市建置的主張當然就很適合拿來作為指導原則，這是本文會嘗試將兩者連結的背景所在。自從1997年重慶升格為直轄市至今已經過了20多年，期間大陸領導人也從當時的江澤民、中間的胡錦濤變成現在的習近平，它的國力更是早已躍昇為世界強國之林；儘管國內不時會出現增加直轄市設立的呼聲，然而卻始終停留在只聞樓梯響的階段，一直未見新的直轄市出現。是故，本文將運用文獻分析法，蒐集國內外研究者的相關專書、學術期刊論文、碩博士學位論文、報紙評論文章、網站資料（含官方網站）以及官方文書等，以作為學理上分析和研究基礎的參考依據，然後透過對孫中山實業計畫的深究、重慶升格直轄市設立思維以及相關現狀的整體評估後，尤其是著眼於國家發展的前提下，替大陸直轄市建制未來發展提出一個有建設性、可執行的建議方向；而本文發現，新增深圳、大連、鄭州、喀什、西安以及南寧等六個新直轄市的建議，延伸來看其所代表的區域發展，將可使大陸未來在東北、華南、華中、西北等區域的發展，更有可期待性與完整性，相信這是大陸直轄市建制未來發展可思考之路。

關鍵字

實業計畫；大陸直轄市；區域發展；重慶

並列摘要

Since the establishment of the mainland China in 1949, the system of municipalities directly under the Central Government has been adjusted several times for more than 70 years, until now the well-known four municipalities are Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing. However, in the second half of last year (2020), the media rushed to report on an article from the mainland's heavyweight think tank ＂Chinese Academy of Sciences＂, which suggested that the mainland's administrative regions should be planned in the direction of ＂adding municipalities directly under the Central Government and shrinking provincial cities＂, and supporting Shenzhen of Guangdong province, Qingdao of Shandong province, Dalian of Liaoning province, and Kashgar of Xinjiang province etc. were upgraded to municipalities directly under the Central Government, which once again made the issue of municipalities directly under the Central Government aroused heated discussions. The simple definition of a municipality directly under the central government, as the name implies, is directly under the jurisdiction of the central government, which is different from other cities that must be managed by the provincial system. And the most direct benefit is that it can have broader financial and personnel powers. This is the biggest reason why many cities want to enter the ranks of municipalities to promote the development of the area. This is the main aspect of this topic discussed by many people in academia; however, the focus of this paper is not on these implementation levels, but from the perspective of the development of the entire mainland continent. In view of this, municipalities in particular can often play the role of driving the development of the entire region. Therefore, the establishment of this part of the thinking often affects the development of the entire country. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who was regarded as the pioneer of the revolution a hundred years ago, was responsible for building the modernization of the whole of China. Therefore, the propositions of regional development and urban construction in The International Development of China are of course suitable to be used as guiding principles. This is the background of this paper's attempt to connect the two. It has been more than 20 years since Chongqing was upgraded to a municipality directly under the Central Government in 1997. During this period, the leaders of the mainland have also changed from Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping now, and its national power has already jumped to the powerful state in the world; There have been calls to increase the establishment of municipalities directly under the Central Government, but it has always stayed at the stage of only hearing the sound of stairs, and no new municipalities have appeared. Therefore, this paper will use the literature analysis method to collect relevant books of domestic and foreign researchers, academic journal papers, master's and doctoral theses, newspaper review articles, website materials (including official websites) and official documents, as a theoretical analysis and reference basis for the research foundation. And then through the in-depth study of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's The International Development of China, the thinking of the establishment of Chongqing's upgrading to a municipality directly under the Central Government, and after the overall evaluation to the relevant status quo, especially focusing on the premise of national development, put forward a constructive and executable suggestion for the future development of the municipality directly under the Central Government of China. Also, this paper finds that the proposal of the six newly added municipalities, Shenzhen, Dalian, Zhengzhou, Kashgar, Xi'an and Nanning, extended to the regional development represented by them, will make the future development of the mainland in the Northeast, South China, Central China, Northwest and other regions more predictable and complete. I believe this can be considered for the future development of the institutional system of municipalities directly under the Central Government of China.