- 期刊
唐律以降「化外人」概念及律法演變研究
Research on the concept of " People Outside China Culture " and the Evolution of Laws since the Tang Dynasty
摘要
從中國歷史來看，天下的核心是在中原，具有強烈的文化觀，只要受到儒家的教化，就是具有文化認同的中原之人。中原「華夏」的核心領域是正統皇權，向外按近遠分為內臣、外臣，再來就是夷狄。從漢代來看，包圍核心的第一圈，是內臣，也就是滿朝的文武百官以及天子腳下的百姓，第二圈是受到德之感召的「外臣」及「冊封國」，他們屬於漢的外邦君主們，只遵從漢的禮儀和法律，與天子為君臣關係，縱使夷狄，除了討伐，也要儘量拉攏或羈彌等手段，防止入侵中國，可謂「華夷」相處之法。外邦依照德化程度的不同，存在著不同的層級。而漢之德不及外側，則稱為「化外之地」，人民也就是「化外之人」。這種用文化來統治的概念，自唐律以降，「華夷」交流逐漸加強，文化統治已不能使用，需要有法律來進行有效管理，以現代法律觀念來看，基本上採用「涉外民事法」的概念，也就是唐律中的「諸化外人，同類自相犯者，各依本俗法；異類相犯者，以法律論。」這種以「母法論法」、尊重「化外人」母國法律的態度，到了明代天下一統後，逐漸改變為「王民應有王法」的立場，認為不能有兩套標準，否則會出現「母國法」與「中國法」相互競逐的問題。等到清代上海被劃分成租界，領事裁判權因而產生，又回到「華人用華法，洋人用洋法」的狀況，只不過當「洋華會審」時，發生偏頗的情形，到了清末更加嚴重，這樣混亂的法秩序，也是民國想要推翻滿清、重建法秩序的一個重要原因。筆者因為工作的關係，常在第一線接觸外國人，因此有了興起研究中國歷史「化外人」概念及律法演變及管理問題，特別是唐律以降，逐漸發現「化外人」已不是文化上的認同，而是經濟上、商業上、外交上、科學上，甚至西洋雜耍、攝影等藝術類別，都能見到洋人出眾才能，於是出現了「西體中用」的主張。如何對待「化外人」並進行法制化管理，還要能夠「華洋共處」，甚至使其安居樂業，其力量為我所用，則是本文在爬梳中國歷代史、探討繼受「化外人」律法演變過程中，希望能得到一些研究成果，作為現今臺灣《入出國及移民法》、《國籍法》、《涉外民事法律適用法》等相關法律未來修法方向之參考。
並列摘要
From the perspective of Chinese history, the core of the world is in the Central Plains, which has a strong cultural outlook. As long as they are educated by Confucianism, they are people from the Central Plains with cultural identity. There are different levels in foreign countries according to different educations. The education of the Han Dynasty was not as good as that of the outside world, so it was called a " place outside china culture ", and the people were also called " people outside china culture "(barbarians or foreigners or outsiders).This concept of using culture to rule has gradually strengthened the exchanges between "Chinese-barbarian" since the Tang Dynasty. This kind of "judgment of law based on the law of the mother country" to attitude to respect the laws of the home country of the "outsiders", after the unification of the world in the Ming Dynasty, it gradually changed to the stance of "the king and the people abide by the king's law". It is believed that two sets of standards cannot be adopted , otherwise there will be a problem of "foreign law" and "Chinese law" competing with each other. When Shanghai was divided into concessions in the Qing Dynasty, consular jurisdiction came into being, return to the situation of "Chinese use Chinese laws, foreigners use foreign laws". Especially since the Tang Dynasty, we have gradually discovered that becoming " people outside china culture " is no longer a cultural identity, but in economics, business, diplomacy, science, and even in artistic categories such as Western juggling and photography. Everyone could see the outstanding talents of foreigners, so the idea of "Appropriation of Western legal concepts into Chinese legal applications" emerged. How to treat " people outside china culture " and carry out legal management, we also need to be able to "coexist with China and foreign countries", and even make them live and work in peace and contentment, and use their power for my own benefit.