- 期刊
戀女？懼女？還是厭女？－女狐意象之文化思維與男性心理
Love women? Fear women? Or loathe women?-The cultural perceptions of the female fox archetype and male psychology
摘要
中國古代幻想文學中有大量的變形故事，而在各種異類變形的文本中，狐狸從《山海經》的九尾狐開始，歷經從獸、仙到妖的各種變形敘寫，幾乎貫穿在各時代的幻想作品中，是中國古代文學中的一大意象，具有複雜的文化意涵，成為一種具有中國特色的心理原型。而這些歷代的狐精意象具有神與妖、情與淫、美與醜、賢與邪的兩極性，反映出某種傳統女性觀，也是女性歷史生存的文學現象。其中又有一個特殊的名詞－「狐狸精」，帶著對某種女性特質的貶斥嘲諷，直到今日仍常出現在書面作品與日常的語彙中。本文借用法國社會學家皮埃爾．布爾迪厄（Pierre Bourdieu）所提出的「文化場」（field）概念，對女狐的文學現象進行歷史化、語境化的解讀。試以歷史發生學的方法，首先論析狐精的性別傾向何以和女性產生連結，接著爬梳女狐形象的演變發展，探索狐狸地位轉變背後的文化與心理因素。再以原型批評理論分析傳統女狐意象，理解在男性長久居於主導的傳統社會中，掌有話語權的男性作家與讀者們，如何帶著集體意識所形成的「習性」（habitus）對女狐意象「風格化反覆實踐」，並透過對女狐的書寫投射或滿足其內心的某種需求與恐懼。本文指出女狐文本所呈現的男性話語權聚集現象，同時亦反映出傳統女性作為「他者」／「卑從」生存的歷史文化語境。「狐精」意象的負面指稱一再被定型的模塑和操控，一方面成為男人判斷與規範、譴責與抨擊女人行為的依據；一方面它也操控著女人，產生觀念的「內置」力量，使女人成為傅柯所說的「自身的監控者」。而「監控」的圭臬，就是「內置」於女人思想與靈魂中，體現男性文化價值信念的女性觀。是以，在女性失語的父權社會中，狐精文本中的女性形象，極多成為男性編織以供男人閱讀觀賞的成人童話。
並列摘要
In Chinese ancient fantasy literature, there is a wealth of stories about shape-shifting creatures. Among these various transformations, the fox, starting with the nine-tailed fox in the Shan Hai Jing , undergoes different narrative transformations from animal to celestial being to demon. It permeates fantasy works of various eras and is a significant image in ancient Chinese literature, carrying complex cultural connotations and becoming a psychological archetype with Chinese characteristics. The image of the vixen in these successive eras embodies both divine and demonic, affectionate and lascivious, beautiful and ugly, wise and wicked duality, reflecting a certain traditional view of women and serving as a literary phenomenon in the history of female existence. Among them, there is a specific term, "fox spirit," which carries derogatory and mocking connotations towards certain female traits and continues to be frequently used in written works and everyday vocabulary today. This paper employs the concept of "cultural field" proposed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu to provide a historical and contextual interpretation of the literary phenomenon of the vixen. Through the method of historical occurrence, it first analyzes why the vixen's gender orientation is linked to women. It then traces the evolution and development of the vixen's image, exploring the cultural and psychological factors behind the transformation of the fox's status. Utilizing the theory of archetype criticism, it analyzes the traditional image of the vixen, seeking to understand how male writers and readers, who possess the power of discourse in a traditionally male-dominated society, engage in "stylized repeated practices" of the vixen image shaped by collective consciousness. Does it project or satisfy a certain need or fear within them through the depiction of female foxes? This paper points out that the phenomenon of male discourse dominance presented in vixen texts also reflects the historical and cultural context of traditional female existence as "the Other" or "subordinate." The negative connotation associated with the "vixen" image is repeatedly molded and manipulated, serving as a basis for men to judge, regulate, condemn, and attack women's behavior. It also manipulates women, generating the inherent power of ideas, making women the "guardians of their own surveillance," as described by Michel Foucault. The benchmark of this surveillance is the embodiment of male cultural values in women's thoughts and souls. Therefore, in a patriarchal society where women are silenced, the female figures in vixen texts become adult fairy tales woven by men for male consumption.