縉紳錄與清代地方官員人事制度研究

近年，隨著歷史文獻的大量公開，為運用新方法與新思維進行研究提供了寬廣的空間。就清代的縉紳錄研究而論，以清華大學圖書館藏縉紳錄的影印出版和相關數據庫的建設為代表，使學界對縉紳錄全貌的認識更為全面，貢獻堪稱鉅大。當然，和其他任何一種歷史文獻一樣，縉紳錄除有其獨特的價值之外，也有難以避免的局限，所反映的只能是全部歷史的某一片段或某一側面。因此，在使用縉紳錄研究清代的地方官員人事制度時，必須結合使用並儘可能準確地理解其他官私文獻。人事制度的對象是活生生的人物，決策者和運用者都是有著血肉體溫和七情六慾、需要人間煙火的男兒。基於大數據的定量分析在一定程度上可以豐富對制度的認識，但仍需考慮與其他制度的關聯，藉以窺得運用的實態。尤其在統治幅員遼闊、地域性極強的前近代中國時，統治者會綜合利用各種制度來處理官員人事。本文在研讀相關研究的基礎上，主要利用清代官書記載，透過地方官員的署理制度，請旨．題調．部選諸缺的選任方式以及官員的出身資格等問題，分析縉紳錄記載的特點，探討該資料的可靠性邊界，藉以求教於方家。

關鍵字

縉紳錄；數字人文；定量分析；銓選制度；地方官員人事

並列摘要

Jinshenlu, literally ＂record of officials＂, refers to government directories regularly published during the Qing dynasty. Recently, the study of Jinshenlu is greatly enhanced by the publication of the Jinshenlu kept in the library of the Tsinghua University and the construction of digital databases of Jinshenlu. Precious and unique as the Jinshenlu is, it nevertheless has the limit and defects of any historical source, to which historians must be alert. Using data from Jinshenlu and other official records, this paper studies five issues of personnel matters of local officials: (1) assignment of deputy officials; (2) nomination of officials by imperial decree; (3) nomination of officials by provincial officials (Governors or Governor-Generals); (4) nomination by officials by the Ministry of Personnel; (5) requirement on qualification of official. In so doing, this paper explores the strength and weakness of Jinshenlu, and, more broadly speaking, reflects upon the possibilities and pitfalls of Digital Humanities.