- 期刊
「為國養豬」—二十世紀五十年代生豬派購制度的建立及其演變
"Raising Pigs for the Country": The Pig Purchasing System and its Transformation in the 1950s
摘要
1953年糧食實行「統購統銷」之後，農民可支配的餘糧大幅減少，全國生豬出欄總數出現了持續下降。為此，中共中央與國務院接連發出「發展養豬」的指示，力圖通過逐級分派養豬任務，以保障國家可以掌握、調撥的豬源數量，供應國內城鄉人民肉食和出口外銷的需要。派購豬以私養為主，以集體制合作社為單位組織小豬的調劑，種植及調撥代替糧食的粗飼料與青飼料。在收購方面，食品公司專營、基層供銷社輔助的模式體現了國家政策對生豬飼養分散性這一地方傳統習慣的適應。在農業合作化以後，集體養殖並未馬上取代社員的私養，而是繼續以「私有、私養、公助」為主。直到「大躍進」之後，中央才要求把養豬「由戶養為主轉為社養為主」，以增強集體經濟。此外，國家還通過調整收購價格、降低稅率等方式鼓勵農民養豬，利用價值規律調節生豬生產。簡言之，國家對農副產品的汲取並非以單純的行政命令來實現，而是採取了較為靈活的公私結合，以及行政與市場雙軌並用的方式，考慮了農村生豬分散養殖的特性，使派購政策與傳統習慣相互整合和適應。
並列摘要
Since 1953, the policy of "Unified Purchasing and Marketing" of agricultural products led to the unintended consequence of a falling supply of pigs. In response, the CPC and the State Council launched various pig farming schemes that relied on private initiatives. The cooperatives were to supply piglets and fodder, and a certain extent of private ownership and initiative was allowed. Even after the agricultural collectivization movement, private pig farming was still tolerated in the name of "private ownership, private breeding, and public assistance." It was not until after the Great Leap Forward that the central government required pig farming to be changed "from household farming to community farming." Still, the state also encouraged farmers to raise pigs by adjusting purchase prices and reducing tax rates. This study shows that the state did not resort to simple and stubborn administrative orders regarding pig farming. Instead, the state was relatively flexible by adopting a dual-track approach of planned and market economy.