- 期刊
小食考－以漢譯律藏為考察線索
A Study of "Small Meal" (Xiaoshi 小食) Based on the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Vinayas
摘要
律藏乃僧尼個人行止和僧團運作的規範的總合，漢譯律藏現存多部，可說是古印度僧眾生活狀況的資料集。然而，在佛學研究中，律藏或少涉義理，向較不受注意；尤其是漢譯律藏的一些術語或觀念，未得充分考察，「小食」便是一例。本文全面搜羅各漢譯律藏以至律典對「小食」及相關用語的記述，依其內容性質，分類整理和討論，指出佛教形成初期，秉承古印度的苦修習慣，尚日中一食，但無嚴禁額外的「小食」；後有比丘濫食，惹起施主譏嫌，令佛制戒禁止輾轉食和足食後再食等。然而，年少者未適應出家生活，或僧眾病累、勞動、饑饉等，佛開許「小食」，包括稀粥、稀麨、餅、蜜丸等，並逐漸轉化為僧眾的常規飲食，納入律制需注意的事項。佛教這種既禁且開的處理，體現出不苦不樂的中道精神，亦成為南北傳佛教通行的飲食安排。本文期望從「小食」的探索，對佛教僧眾的律制生活，能有更多更深的瞭解。
並列摘要
The Buddhist Vinayas are the collection of the disciplinary percepts of monks and nuns and the rules for the operation of the monastic community, which is the source of information for studying the daily life of monks and nuns in ancient India. However, Vinayas contain less Buddhist teachings and have not received much attention from academics. As a result, a number of special terms or concepts in the Chinese translation of the Vinayas have not been fully examined, "small meal" (xiaoshi 小食) is a typical example. This article gathers and interprets all the information on "small meal" from various Chinese translations of the Vinayas, with the complement of Pāli Vinaya, in an effort to explore the meaning and significance of "small meal." According to the monastic discipline, one meal per day is highly recommended. However, when some young monks and nuns are not adapted to their ascetic life, get sick, do excessively hard work, suffer from hunger, etc., the Buddha allows them to take "small meal" including gruel, linguine, cakes, honey pills, etc., for the sake of convenience. "Small meal" is being absorbed into the regular diet gradually. The special prescription of "small meal" reflects the Buddhist spirit of the middle way, and has also become a common dietary arrangement in both northern and southern Buddhism nowadays. This article hopes to gain a deeper understanding of the Buddhist monastic life through the exploration of "small meal."