- 期刊
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從葛玄神仙形象看中古世紀道教與地方神仙傳說
Ge Xuan's Immortal Images and the Relationship between Early Medieval Daoism and Local Cults
並列摘要
According to the early Lingbao靈寶scriptures of the fifth century, Ge Xuan葛玄(164-244), a granduncle of the much-discussed Ge Hong葛洪(283-343), was the first recipient of the Lingbao revelations. He was conferred a divine title, as the Duke-transcendent in the Mystic Capital, by the Most High Lord of the Dao after a discouraging cycle of rebirths because of his devotion to the Dao and his Amitâbha-like vow to effect the salvation of humanity. In contrast to the Lingbao account, Ge Xuan was well known as a cultural hero, and was called a saint in many hagiographical materials preserved in local regions of Jiangnan江南. In addition, he received ample worships in many local shrines across the region because of his esoteric activities such as making alchemy, pacifying the wild forces of the earth and making nature subservient to humankind. As a common end recorded in local hagiographies, Ge Xuan was regarded as an immortal (xian仙) who finally achieved an eventual liberation. He ascended from Earth to Heaven by means of alchemical digestion. By comparing these two different accounts of Ge Xuan, the author of the present essay finds an antagonism between Lingbao Daoism and local cults. The present essay provides extensive materials concerning the transmission of the legend of the immortal Ge Xuan in the Jiangnan region of the fourth and fifth centuries. In the second part of the essay, it is shown how the early Lingbao Daoism confronted the local cults of Ge Xuan and transformed the latter by theologically reconstructing him as a Duke-transcendent in the Mystic Capital, deifying him against an alternative impersonal framework of the cosmos, and reproducing a different story about the transcendent life of the man within the cosmos.