- 期刊
論《儀禮》的「乃」、「遂」和「不」
A Discussion on the Use of the Function Words nai 乃, sui 遂 and bu 不 in the Yi li 儀禮
摘要
《儀禮》向稱難讀，書中所載儀軌錯綜，極難董理。學者以分節、繪圖及釋例之法，省繁為簡，梳理其書綱領，為禮家治經之重要方法。然而，《儀禮》作者大量運用省文、變文、互見等方式，以圖簡潔而完整地呈現禮典之實況和原貌，即所謂「設經之法」。其中，虛字運用應予重視。本文探究《儀禮》內「乃」、「遂」、「不」三個虛字的各種用法，考察三者各自對禮典描述及行進的作用。「乃」字向視為緩辭，具體或指其行禮時間、空間與前一儀軌有所間距，事不相因；又或指當其禮節應加倍敬慎；又有指明行禮之確切時間點的功效，每有等待他者完成才行該節儀節之義；甚或表達重要儀節，展示儀節分野。「遂」字為因事之辭，其作用有：表示省略某一個別動作；又或者表示不待他者完成動作即行，與「乃」字的用法相反；又或表示時間不間隔，儀軌連續而行。「不」字則主要有兩義，一是著見士大夫禮儀之等差，一則見其禮簡、禮殺。由此可見，「乃」、「遂」、「不」三個虛字，影響讀經者對《儀禮》及儀節行進實況的理解，有著重要意義。
並列摘要
The Yi li 儀禮 (Ceremonies and rites) has the reputation to be difficult to read. Pre-modern scholars devised three ways to simplify and arrange the content of the Yi li, namely paragraphing the text, drawing illustrations, and generalizing rules of etiquette. These three ways became essential methods to interpret the book. However, the author(s) of the Yi li made use of ellipses, variations and cross references so as to reflect the actual ritual performance in a concise yet complete way. These methods are known as ＂textual arrangements.＂ In addition to ＂textual arrangements,＂ the function words in the Yi li is another method worth investigating. This article attempts to examine the significance of the three words nai 乃, sui 遂 and bu 不 in order to uncover their intended functions in the text, especially in the narration of the complex rites. According to traditional interpretation, the function word nai denotes the prolongation of a specific rite; to be precise, it suggests a temporal and spatial gap between the ritual in question and the one precedes it. Besides, nai can also imply that the participant should be more prudential when performing the concerned rite. In a different context, nai carries the function of indicating the exact timing to perform a particular ritual action. The word can also signify the importance of the rite in question and demarcate the end of a ceremonial procedure and the beginning of another one as well. Sui, in general, refers to the continuous performance of an often complicated ritual. In the Yi li, it usually hints to an omission of a certain ritual movement. Also, sui may mean in some contexts that the participant can perform the next part of the ceremony directly without the need of waiting for other participants to complete their designated tasks. This function of sui makes it an exact opposite of nai. Sui may also indicate the rite carries on in an uninterrupted fashion without any delay. Bu has two meanings. Firstly, the word emphasizes differences between the rites of shi 士 (serviceman, gentleman) and dafu 大夫 (senior official, i.e. Grandee). Secondly, it suggests the rite under discussion is reduced and simplified. Based on the analysis of this article, it can be concluded that the three function words discussed here are significant to our understanding and interpretation of the performance of the rites recorded by the Yi li.