- 期刊
THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF DŌU (都) AND MĔI (每) IN MANDARIN CHINESE
現代漢語「都」和「每」的共存現象
摘要
The co-occurrence of dōu 'all/each' and mĕi 'every', both of which are generally assumed to be distributive, attracted much attention during the past two decades (Lee (1986), Yeh (1986), Hsieh (1994), Huang (1994, 1996), J. Lin (1996, 1998), etc.). Still, the nature of the phenomenon is highly disputed. This paper examines under what conditions the presence of dōu is obligatory when there is a preverbal argument involving mĕi. With the grammaticality difference of dōu-sentences in regard to the numeral component in a mĕi-phrase, I argue that in Mandarin Chinese there exist two determinatives, in Chao's (1968) terminology, both involving the morpheme mĕi: One is mĕi, a Specifying Determinative, and the other is mĕi(yī) (每(一)), a Quantitative Determinative. Only in sentences with a preverbal argument involving the latter determinative is the presence of dōu obligatory. And, with the grammaticality difference of dōu-sentences in regard to the classifier component in a mĕi(yī)-phrase, I show that if the classifier is sortal and the head predicate is of group-subcategorizing type, then the sentence is ungrammatical even with dōu.
並列摘要
在某些現代漢語句子中「每」和「都」必須同時出現。對於這個現象，過去二十年，僅管已經有很多學者提出相當有趣的假設和分析（Lee（1986），Yeh（1986），Hsieh（1994），Huang（1994，1996）and J. Lin （1996，1998）），「每」「都」這兩個虛詞和該類型句子的特性仍有爭議之處。筆者觀察「每」字片語的數詞與「都」字的語法妥當性的關係，認為現代漢語有兩個定詞與「每」字有關：一為「每」，一為「每（一）」。定詞是「每（一）」時，「都」字才一定要出現。筆者進一步觀察「每」字片語的量詞與「都」字句語法妥當性與之間的關係，歸納出：如果「每」字片語的定詞是「每（一）」，量詞是個體量詞(sortal classifier)，而且謂語的中心語是具有「羣」次類劃分屬性(group-subcategorizing type)的述詞，即使「都」字出現,該句在語法上還是不妥當。（有關「羣」次類劃分屬性述詞與「和」次類劃分屬性(sum-subcategorizing type)述詞的討論，請看第四小節。）。