文革時期派性武鬥舉隅－以重慶「紅港海戰」為例

「文化大革命」是中國歷史上的奇特運動。其主要的政治模式脫離現代政治（無論是資本主義或共產國家）的常規，以自下而上的方式，企圖創造出新的體制與利益。在這革命的初期階段中，「大民主」裡的形形色色派系，都在「保衛毛主席」的高尚情操下，為了自身的政治利益和意識形態的實踐，無政府式的以準戰爭的方式進行武鬥。很快的從冷兵器升級至熱武器，一般的陸戰是司空見慣的，除了空戰外，在四川的重慶則發生了文革武鬥中唯一的一場海戰。重慶武鬥的激烈程度是全中國的前段班，為文革武鬥的重災區。因為重慶是中國軍工產業重鎮，自然各種武器唾手可得。其地區主要分為「八一五」及「反到底」兩個派系，在矛盾升級至武鬥階段時，很快地開始使用大砲、坦克等重型武器。除了陸戰外，因為重慶為長江中上游的航運中心，所以雙方亦擁有各式現役或改裝的軍艦。1967年8月8日，兩派即在長江上開展了俗稱「紅港海戰」的戰鬥，造成24人死亡，129人受傷，船隻沉沒3艘，受創12艘，長江交通因而中斷的結果，之後亦使雙方武鬥激烈程度升級，產生更多的衝突及人員傷亡的影響。本文即以文革派性武鬥的分析為出發，進而帶入重慶「紅港海戰」的現場，還原該事件的始末，以展現文革前期武鬥的面貌及影響，亦見微知著般的反映文革時期航運發展的困境。

關鍵字

文化大革命；造反運動；派性；武鬥；海戰

並列摘要

The Cultural Revolution marked a peculiar movement in the history of China. Its principal political model deviated from the conventions of modern politics (in both capitalist and communist countries) in an attempt to create new systems and interests in a bottom-up fashion. During the initial stage of the revolution, all different factions in the Great Democracy waged wudou (factional conflicts) in an anarchic, quasi-war manner in pursuit of their personal political interests and ideological practices, all in the name of upholding the lofty aspiration of ＂defending Chairman Mao＂. Very soon, the factional clashes escalated from the use of ＂cold weapons＂ to that of ＂hot weapons.＂ Regular ground warfare became a common sight. On top of aerial warfare, Chongqing, Sichuan experienced the only naval battle in the Cultural Revolution. Subjected to the most violent wudou in China, Chongqing was listed a severely wudou-ravaged region in the Cultural Revolution. As one of China's military industrial bases, Chongqing naturally had all sorts of weapons readily available. This region mainly split into two factions, that is, the 815 faction and the ＂rebel to the end＂ faction. When the conflict escalated to wudou, the two factions quickly started adopting heavy weapons such as artillery and tanks. In addition to ground warfare, they also employed in-service or modified warships of various types due to Chongqing's geographical location as a center of shipping in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. On August 8, 1967, the two factions launched a battle commonly known as the ＂Red Harbor Naval Battle＂ on the Yangtze River, causing 24 deaths, 129 injuries, 3 sunken vessels, 12 damaged vessels, and an interruption of traffic along the Yangtze River. The intensity of the wudou between the two sides continued to mount, resulting in more conflicts and casualties. This study starts from an analysis of the factional wudou during the Cultural Revolution and proceeds to revisit the scene of the ＂Red Harbor Naval Battle＂ in Chongqing to reproduce the happenings of the incident. The details and influences of wudou during the early stage of the Cultural Revolution are presented, based on which the plight of the development of shipping during the Cultural Revolution is further reflected.