閩南新年歌謠〈初一早〉幾種類型的分析

〈初一早〉是閩南地方流傳廣泛的一首新年歌謠，在不同地方演變出不同版本，各種版本分別承載了多樣的春節習俗。經由版本的比較，可知〈初一早〉早在清代就已經開始流傳在泉州和漳州地區，並且隨著移民來到臺灣，分化出新的版本。有意思的是〈初一早〉具有明顯的程式化，故本文依照首數句的差異，分為四大類型：「初一早型」、「初一場型」、「初一花型」及的「萬物誕生型」。「初一早型」源自福建，在臺灣流行於西半部。其下分化「初二巧型」、「初二嬌型」二種亞型，是台灣流行最廣的一型。「初一場型」除前三句注重的節慶與「初一早型」不同外，主要特徵是初三多為「老鼠娶新娘」，後面的內容則略同，主要流傳於泉州方言區。「初一花型」的分布較侷限，收集到的數量也少，變型地比較厲害，有可能是從前述二型變化而來。「萬物誕生型」出自同一本採集澎湖歌謠的書，自成孤例。各類型皆有特色又互相影響，乘載了閩南地區眾多的春節習俗，但今日能完整記誦者已經很少，值得關心與保存。本文首先對表層的句式進行分析，並搜集泉州、漳州、廈門、臺灣共56種版本，希望能起文化保存的初步作用。

關鍵字

閩南歌謠；新年謠；初一早；類型

並列摘要

＂Chuyi-zao＂ is a widely circulated New Year's ballad in southern Fujian. In different places evolved into different versions, each version of which carried different Spring Festival customs. Through the version of the comparison, it can be seen that ＂Chuyi-zao＂ in the Early Qing dynasty has begun to spread in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou region. As immigrants came to Taiwan, it differentiated into new versions. It is interesting to note that there is an obvious programmability in the ＂Chuyi-zao＂ .This article according to the differences in the first few sentences, divided into four types: ＂ type Chuyi-zao＂ , ＂ type chuyi- chang＂ , ＂ type Chuyi-hua＂ and ＂ type birth of all things ＂ . The ＂type Chuyi-zao＂ originated in Fujian , it's the most widely type in the western of Taiwan. The main feature of the ＂type chuyi- chang＂ is that on the third day of the Chinese New Year is mostly ＂the mouse bride＂, which is mainly spread in the Quanzhou dialect area. The distribution of ＂type Chuyi-hua＂ is more limited and may be derived from the change of above two types. The ＂type birth of all things＂ is a self-inflicted example that comes from the same book which is collecting folksong of Penghu. All types have their own characteristics and influence each other. These types carried many Spring Festival customs in Southern Min 閩. However, there are few people who can fully remember it today, which is worthy of concern and preservation. This article first analysis surface sentence patterns and collects 56 versions of Quanzhou 泉州, Zhangzhou , Xiamen , and Taiwan etc. Hope it can play a preliminary role in cultural preservation.