Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have a high degree of self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation ability, and can be cultured, proliferated and passaged in vitro, and have tumor-tropism and low immunogenicity. At present, researchers at home and abroad have been exploring BMSC more and more deeply. BMSC has become a new hot spot and new direction in basic research and clinical treatment. This article reviews the biological characteristics, isolation and identification methods, clinical treatment, and basic research progress of BMSC.