This paper empirically examines the relationship between knowledge spillovers generated by patent cooperation and regional innovation performance based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2010 to 2018, and explores the moderating role of industry-academia‐research connection intensity. The results show that: on the national level, the inter‐provincial patent cooperation has a significant positive impact on regional innovation performance, and the industry‐academia‐research connection intensity can promote the positive spillover effect; Overseas patent cooperation has no significant effect on regional innovation performance, and industry‐academia‐research association intensity has no corresponding moderating effect on regional innovation performance. (2) Knowledge spillovers of patent cooperation have regional heterogeneity. The positive spillover effect of inter‐provincial patent cooperation is mainly reflected in western China. The significant promoting effect of overseas patent cooperation on regional innovation performance is reflected in the central region.