The emergence of optical fibers and the development of various optical fiber devices have greatly promoted the development of optical communication technology, sensing technology and information technology. Communication technology based on optical fibers and their functional devices has the advantages of long distance, large capacity, and high fidelity, and is the foundation of modern communications in the world. Since LPFG was first proposed in 1996, it has become a research hotspot because of its completely different spectral characteristics from FBG. This article focuses on LPFG prepared from ordinary single-mode optical fiber, starting from the mode distribution of light waves in the optical fiber, focusing on research and analysis. Based on the theoretical basis, the study analyzes three modes in LPFG, aiming to provide a certain cognitive and interpretive basis for long-period fiber grating research.