Stellera chamaejasme has become a constructive species in degraded grassland. In this paper, the phospholipid fatty acid method (PLFA) was used to determine the PLFA value of the microbial community in the rhizosphere soil of Stellera chamaejasme under seasonal grazing, and the relationship between the soil microorganisms and the physicochemical properties of it was analyzed using redundancy analysis (RDA) and variance partitioning analysis (VPA). Then the results showed that soil water content, soil organic carbon, and available nitrogen would be the main environmental factors affecting soil microorganisms in Stellera chamaejasme. According to VPA analysis, among the three environmental factors, VPA analysis indicated that the effect of available nitrogen on microbial changes in the rhizosphere soil of Stellera chamaejasme was the largest, with 37.31%. And the second is soil water content, while the third is soil organic carbon. Under the influence of multiple factors, it is mainly the combined effect of available nitrogen and soil water content on the microbial changes in the rhizosphere soil of Stellera chamaejasme.